American Cheetah Facts

American Cheetah Facts The American Cheetah (Miracinonyx trumani and Miracinonyx inexpectatus) really involved two totally different species. These species were predators that lived in the Pleistocene period in North America, about 2.6 million to 12,000 years prior. Strikingly, the American cheetah was all the more firmly identified with current panthers and cougars than it was to cheetahs. On the off chance that, truth be told, the American Cheetah turns out not to have been a genuine cheetah. Researchers credit this reality to united advancement, the propensity for creatures in similar biological systems to develop a similar general highlights. Quick Facts: The American Cheetah Logical Names: Miracinonyx trumani and Miracinonyx inexpectatusCommon Name: American cheetahBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 5â€6 feet longWeight: 150â€200 pounds, contingent upon speciesLifespan: 8â€12 years, however potentially up to 14 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Plains of North AmericaStatus: Extinct Depiction The American cheetah is a wiped out class of two cat species that were endemic to North America during the Pleistocene period: Miracinonyx inexpectatus and Miracinonyx intrumani. Researchers have sorted out parts of an American cheetah skeleton to infer an image of what these predators may have resembled. The American cheetah had long legs just as a flexible body, obtuse nose, and foreshortened face with developed nasal holes (to take into account progressively effective breath). American cheetahs were assessed to have weighed around 150 to 200 pounds and estimated around 5 to 6 feet in body length. Miracinonyx inexpectatusâ had shorter legs that were believed to be preferable prepared for moving over the cutting edge cheetah. Natural surroundings and Range The two types of the American cheetah appear to have shared some significant general qualities, including an inclination for open meadows and fields of North America, especially in what is currently the western segment of North America. Diet and Behavior Like current cheetahs, the agile, long-legged American cheetah chased by seeking after quick mammalian megafauna, including deer and ancient ponies, over the moving North American fields. Be that as it may, theres no real way to know whether this antiquated warm blooded creature could accomplish current cheetah-like eruptions of speed in the 50-mph extend, or if its speed limit was set by development to a much lower level. Miracinonyx intrumani all the more firmly looked like a cutting edge cheetah, and may, to be sure, have been equipped for hitting top paces of more than 50 mph in quest for prey. Miracinonyx inexpectatus was assembled more like a cougar than a cheetah (however it was to some degree slimmer generally speaking), and its completely retractable paws point to a potential arboreal way of life that is, rather than pursuing prey over the grasslands like Miracinonyx intrumani, it might have jumped on them from the low parts of trees, or maybe mixed up trees to get away from the notification of bigger predators. Generation and Offspring The generation conduct of the American Cheetah is obscure, yet sources, for example, the San Diego Zoo Global Library hypothesize that their propensities were like present day cheetahs. Cheetahs become explicitly experienced when they are somewhere in the range of 20 and 23 months. They breed consistently. Females have an estrous cycle-the measure of time they are explicitly dynamic of 12 days, yet they are in reality just in heat for one to three days. Females show that they are open to guys by peeing on shrubs, trees and shakes. A male, getting on the trail, starts howling, and the female reacts with cries of her own as the male methodologies. Female cheetahs will mate with more than one male through the span of their lifetime. The females development period is around one to a quarter of a year. They bring forth one to eight posterity, called offspring, which are somewhere in the range of 5 and 13 focuses. Posterity remain with their mom for 13 to 20 months. Cheetahs arrive at development and become explicitly dynamic by 2.5 to 3 years old. Purposes behind Extinction Researchers dont know precisely why the American cheetah got wiped out, yet they feel that environmental change, a deficiency of food, and rivalry from people, for example, through chasing and rivalry for food, may have assumed a job. The American cheetah went terminated toward the finish of the last ice age a similar time that American lions, mammoths, and ponies ceased to exist. Sources â€Å"American Cheetah Facts, Habitat, Pictures and Range.†Ã‚ Extinct Animals, 1 July 2015.â€Å"Cheetah Facts.†Ã‚ Cheetah Conservation Fund.Cheetahs Once Roamed North America.†Ã‚ Roaring Earth, 10 Oct. 2018.â€Å"Long before Canada Was Canada.†Ã‚ Cheetah Conservation Fund Canada, 2 Nov. 2018.Pepper, Darren. â€Å"Miracinonyx (American Cheetah†­).†Ã‚ Miracinonyx.ï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reproduction.†Ã‚ SeaWorld Parks Entertainment.San Diego Zoo Global Library. â€Å"LibGuides: Extinct American Cheetahs (Miracinonyx Spp.) Fact Sheet: Summary.†Ã‚ Summary - Extinct American Cheetahs (Miracinonyx Spp.) Fact Sheet - LibGuides at International Environment Library Consortium.

The Devil’s Playground :: Devil Religious Beliefs Creative Writing Essays

The Devil’s Playground Gradually the snow floated along the walkways and avenues as he walked around his own way. Following no specific way yet his own, he voyaged. Knowing not his goal but rather just his result. His thoughts were changed, his convictions were lessened to that of nothing and his view of the truth was flipped around. All he knew now was himself and that of his propensities. His own temperament was the main genuine and crude thing that he had the option to hold tight to. An existence of abuse and misuse, his last activities showed his actual sentiments. I ought to have halted you in the belly. Whenever I got the opportunity I ought to have taken it. YOU, were my most exceedingly terrible slip-up. LEAVE! No one here needs you no one here thinks about you and there is a bad situation for you. Shroud yourself some place and help the world out. His mom shouted continually, disgracing him to that of only blame of being alive. It was a typical custom in his OLD family unit. At that point today around evening time, with the fast flick of a wrist and the shimmer of rose red, the disgracing finished. The blame halted. At that point with two all the more snappy and quick developments he polished off what was left to help him to remember his past. What might have been observers were just cold and clubbed piles. Ryan lived on the edges of the city. Meandering from house to house all through his youth he knew very little of the importance of family. His folks were continually sending him to temporary families for half a month at a time at that point taking him back, just to get a couple of increasingly pleasurable gatherings with him. He was undesirable by everything except himself and oblivious to the possibility of regret. He generally knew one day, only he, could stop all his torment and all his torment however he wasn’t worried about that at the present time. Actually, the main things that entered his thoughts were, Correct foot, Left foot. It was all he thought of and it was all he talked about as he strolled. He conveyed the rose red razor in his correct hand and his left was held tight. His knuckles as white as the snow that encompassed him. His pajama jeans and white tee shirt were all he wore. No shoes to shield his feet from the cruel winter cold and day off no cap to warm his freezing head.

The Concept of Ego Depletion in Psychology

Aside from mending time, more youthful individuals are not overpowered by passionate exhaustion which can be another name of personality consumption. As a matter of fact, the idea of self image exhaustion can affirm that more youthful individuals can more readily adapt to such experience as the departure of a nearby one. Be that as it may, it is important to investigate the idea of conscience consumption to comprehend its consequences for people’s behavior.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Concept of Ego Depletion in Psychology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, Freud referenced ideas like the idea of sense of self exhaustion (Baumeister et al., 1998). He guaranteed that sense of self resembled a rider who was attempting to control his pony (for example id), which is at times unimaginable. He likewise accepted that there were sure cutoff points to people’s ability to control their temperament (Baumeister et al., 199 8). Presently scientists have progressively explicit thoughts on the issue. For example, Baumeister and Vohs (2007, p. 117) characterize inner self consumption as â€Å"a state in which oneself doesn't have all the assets it has normally†. Vohs et al. (2011, p. 166) give a progressively exact definition expressing that â€Å"[e]arlier commitment in self-guideline lead to later self-guideline disappointments, an aftereffect effect†. Note that scientists very concur upon the definitions, however they have various perspectives on one significant point. In this way, a few analysts propose that self-guideline is boundless and inspiration can decrease inner self consumption (Job et al., 2010; Vohs et al., 2012). In any case, it is important to include that Vohs et al. (2012) concede this is genuine with regards to some regular poise situations, while personality exhaustion increments in such cases as death of a nearby one, serious medical issues encounters, and so forth. Sch meichel et al. (2003) give significant information which check these suspicions. Despite the fact that the specialists focuse on subjective tasks, clearly progressively complex mental procedures lead to more elevated levels of personality consumption (be it thinking or encountering enthusiastic traumas).Advertising Looking for exposition on brain research? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More simultaneously, a ton of scientists contend that self-guideline is without a doubt constrained. Different overviews and analyses affirm such suspicions. For example, Job et al. (2011) express that the accessibility of data on constrained or boundless self-guideline assets just influences people’s recognition on the issue, however have no impact on genuine degree of inner self consumption. At the end of the day, despite the fact that individuals begin accepting they can adapt to an assortment of issues independent of their past encounter s, this doesn't influence their real capacity to deal with either issue. Strangely, Heatherton and Wagner (2011) center around neurological part of the issue. Their examination likewise affirms that individuals have various abilities to direct their feelings with the course of time. The scientists additionally guarantee that the more self-guideline individuals need to apply the more elevated level of inner self exhaustion will happen. Leary and Tangney (2012) express that individuals attempt to improve their lives with the assistance of discretion. Poise assists individuals with fitting the general public, which, in its turn, encourages them feel much improved. In this way, different studies affirm that more youthful individuals have greater ability to beat such mental injuries as the loss of close individuals. At the point when a youthful individual faces the issue just because, he/she feels misery and nervousness. Nonetheless, youngsters discover solidarity to strive control. They could possibly be helped. At the end of the day, their companions, family members or clinicians can assist them with discovering approaches to adapt to the issue. Along these lines, youngsters who experience such mental injuries can acknowledge the misfortune and proceed onward. Certain time later individuals need to encounter comparable emotions as the loss of family members and close individuals is unavoidable. Confronting such issues, youngsters as of now have explicit standards of conduct to follow. They can strive control. With regards to more established individuals, their ability is reaching a conclusion as every misfortune lessens discretion limit. More established individuals experience various pitiful occasions which cause them to become more fragile, as it were. Updegraff and Taylor (2000) guarantee that people’s authority decreases each time they need to strive control.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Concept of Ego Depletion in Psychology e xplicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Admittedly, old individuals are particularly defenseless as they endeavor control for the duration of their lives. Numerous old individuals need to live through the demise of their kid which is one of the most genuine mental injuries (Ryan, 2012). In this way, the departure of an accomplice at eighty is increasingly hard to deal with contrasted with the passing of an accomplice at thirty. In the last case the individual has practically full limit of poise. Notwithstanding, the old individual has just spent impressive measure of his/her ability while adapting to different tragic encounters during his/her lifetime. The degree of sense of self exhaustion is high since this individual has needed to endeavor control already. There have been numerous relationship with the idea of self image consumption. Perhaps the least demanding affiliation is as per the following: holding a 7-kilo bundle can appear to be very troublesome toward the start. Be that as it may, this bundle can appear to be just insufferable in the wake of holding it for a few hours. Similarly, while endeavoring control just because, it is troublesome, however over the span of time this errand can appear to be unendurable. In this way, the idea of self image exhaustion confirms that more seasoned individuals control their feelings more regrettable or even a lot of more terrible than more youthful individuals. Reference List Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M. Tice, D.M. (1998). Inner self consumption: Is simply the dynamic a restricted asset? Diary of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265. Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D. (2007). Self-guideline, sense of self exhaustion, and inspiration. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 115-128. Heatherton, T.F. Wagner, D.D. (2011). Intellectual neuroscience of self-guideline disappointment. Patterns in Cognitive Sciences, 15(3), 132-139.Advertising Searching for exposition on brain science? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Employment, V., Dweck, C.S. Walton, G.M. (2010). Sense of self consumption †is it all in your mind? Certain hypotheses about determination influence self-guideline. Mental Science, 21(11), 1686-1693. Leary, M.R. Tangney, J.P. (2012). Handbook of self and personality. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Ryan, R.M. (2012). The Oxford handbook of human inspiration. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Schmeichel, B.J., Vohs, K.D. Baumeister, R.F. (2003). Scholarly execution and conscience consumption: Role of the self in sensible thinking and other data handling. Diary of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 33-46. Updegraff, J.A. Taylor, S.E. (2000). From helplessness to development: Positive and negative impacts of distressing life occasions. In J.H. Harvey E.D. Mill operator (Ed.), Loss and injury: General and cozy relationship points of view (pp. 3-21). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Vohs, K.D., Glass, B.D., Maddox, W.T. Markman, A. (2011). Sense of self consumption isn't sim ply exhaustion: Evidence from an all out lack of sleep analyze. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(2), 166-173. Vohs, K.D., Baumeister, R.F., Schmeichel, B.J. (2012). Inspiration, individual convictions, and restricted assets all add to poise. Diary of Experimental Social Psychology. Web. This paper on The Concept of Ego Depletion in Psychology was composed and put together by client Marilyn Martin to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Body Ritual among the Nacirema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Body Ritual among the Nacirema - Essay Example It has likewise pulled in numerous anthropologists whose worry is to distinguish and to uncover the uncommon novel practices (Murdock, p. 506) their practices grasp the cutoff points to which people’s conduct could investigate. The name Nacirema would be turned around to mean American and in that setting most of the pariahs really think of them as absolute opposite because of their unusual and extraordinary practices. Notwithstanding that, the way of life of body custom among the Nacirema declares that the body is very in an appalling state and is powerless against sicknesses and diseases. These are a significant worry since man expects to make the body engaging, more grounded and impervious to disease. What's more, this they accept can be countered through a progression of customs and customary services. In regard to that, each family unit claims an altar inside for these reasons. The measure of the hallowed places claimed by a family unit would, consequently be subject to their societal position and monetary profundity. For example, the extravagance of a family depends on the quantity of ceremonial places of worship that they forces. Most places of the Nacirema gathering of people are made of smear and wattle. Be that as it may, the sanctuaries are worked with solid superb stones a delineation of the uncommon connections and contemplations of the shrines.this may appear to be so open yet the cus toms of each privileged bit of information to its individuals. Among the numerous every day body customs performed incorporate the mouth ceremony. It involves an addition of a littler hoard of hair pieces into the mouth went with a powder that is enchanted and eventually running the group in valuable formalized schedules of signals. Another mouth ceremony, however done once or two times each year, is the private mouth ritual. The method looks more frightening and is a visual torment to most anthropologists who set out to disclose the training. It includes more stuff that comprises of tests, wood screws

Effects of Routing on Current Communication Essay

With regards to Johnson Company’s current specialized strategies it is obtrusively clear that they are obsolete. I would begin by refreshing their telephone framework to an advanced multiline telephone framework which uses the most recent system communication conventions including VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). There are numerous merchants who offer multiline advanced phones which would be helpful in updating the Johnson Company with their rivals. Another huge improvement is increase their publicizing in the telephone directory with an all around structured site. With the touchy development in the prominence of web based business in the course of the most recent decade the Johnson Company could enormously improve their perceivability to potential new clients. On the off chance that the site could be worked by appropriately prepared experts it would make the Johnson Company stand apart from different organizations which thus would assist with attracting more clients. It w ould be in the company’s wellbeing to structure and fabricate a database which would be utilized to record request data. This would be valuable in monitoring existing clients and taking new requests from clients their data could be added to the database. Numerous organizations do this and it is alluded to as information mining. Essentially put it assists keep with following of what items and administrations they are purchasing so as to tailor items and administrations to their particular inclinations. From a client assistance outlook it causes the client to feel like the organization is going that additional mile to give them better items and administrations. With regards to continuing existing clients educated regarding news and updates I would suggest the utilization of email memberships. A large portion of today’s organizations are utilizing this technique and are seeing positive outcomes. Sending e-bulletins and updates would keep clients educated regarding the most recent items and administrations accessible to them from the Johnson Company. Simply make a point to give clients the choice to withdraw because of the way that notâ all of Johnson’s clients will need pamphlets and updates sent to their email accounts. The entirety of the above suggestions ought to be useful concerning updatin g Johnson with the remainder of the cutting edge business world. It would likewise make their business increasingly noticeable to new clients while improving business with existing clients. An extra impact of these updates will be an expansion in productivity because of the higher perceivability which would pull in a tremendously more noteworthy number of potential clients.

Not Admitted

Not Admitted This year was the most competitive ever for MIT admissions. Admitting just 12% of applicants means that we had to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. Not Admitted Admitting such a small percentage of the applicant pool means that we unfortunately have to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. Not Admitted With an 8% increase in applications, this year was again the most competitive ever for MIT admissions. Admitting less than 12% of applicants means that we had to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. Not Admitted Admitting such a small percentage of the applicant pool means that we unfortunately have to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. Not admitted This year was the most competitive ever for MIT admissions. Admitting fewer than 13% of applicants means we had to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open post for you to talk. And, if you havent already, check out Bens latest post. Not Admitted There were a record number of applications for Early Action this year, which unfortunately means that we had to turn down a great number of incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk.

Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol - Free Essay Example

In the novella, A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, the main character, Ebenezer Scrooge is a tight-fisted, crotchety pessimist who despises everything that is Christmas. He has little patience or understanding of those who value human connection and the spirit of giving, over idolizing money and financial status. With a permanent scowl on his face and a harsh biting tone, Scrooge chases away a young boy caroling outside his workplace and even chastises his demure employee Bob Cratchit, suggesting that he was scamming him out of money because Cratchit wants to spend Christmas with his family. Despite this miserly disposition, however, Scrooge rediscovers the value of love and human connection after enlightening visits from three ghosts of Christmas past, present and future. Through hardships in his life, including being forgotten by his father at a boarding school during his youth, Scrooge has grown a hard-outer shell that appraises the worthiness of ones life based solely upon their financial security. This personal philosophy comes in direct conflict with the joy and good cheer of Christmas. After his young enthusiastic nephew, Fred, pays his uncle a visit at his counting house to extend an invitation to Christmas dinner, Scrooge is clearly annoyed by this exuberance. Every idiot who goes about with a Merry Christmas on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart. He should. (1.4) The descriptive nature of Scrooges words portray just how disengaged his thought processes are when surrounded by kindness and warmth. He shuts people out by lashing out with scathing words ending any further conversation on the matter. This demeanor is further exemplified when Scrooge is asked to give a donation to hel p the poor enjoy a nice Christmas meal. The destitute personify weakness and ineptitude to Scrooge. The solicitors are new to the area and clearly have no idea with whom they are speaking. First Scrooge suggests that the prison system and workhouses are fine institutions where the poor can find a meal. He followed this proclamation with the remark, If they would rather die, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population.(1.6) Through his journey with the ghost of Christmas past, Scrooge relives moments of his childhood. He fondly recalls his little sister Fran and the special bond the two shared. Although he mourns her untimely death, he is reminded that she lives on through her only child, Fred. And it is to Freds home that the ghost then visits with Scrooge. Here they witness a group of friends dancing, laughing, and bonding with each other. Scrooge subtly taps his foot along to the music and even asks the ghosts to stay a bit longer. Yet it is at the home of Bob Cratchit where Scrooge makes a discovery that perpetuates his transformation. Although Cratchit has been employed for years by Marley and Scrooge, Scrooge realizes that he never knew that one of his children, Tim, was crippled. Scrooge seems to be sincerely concerned for the young Cratchits wellbeing. Spirit, said Scrooge, with an interest he had never felt before, tell me if Tiny Tim will live.(3.29) This shows a level of care and empathy that Scrooge had not demonstrated thus far in the novella. Nevertheless, after all three ghosts have paid their visit, Scrooges desire to seek redemption is clear. He does not want to be bound in chains by his past regressions. He went to church, and walked about the streets, and watched the people. Hurrying to and fro, and patted children on the head, and questioned the beggars, and looked down into the kitchens of houses, and up to the windows and found that everything could yield him pleasure. He had never dreamed that any walk- that anything- could give him so much happiness. In the afternoon he turned his steps towards his nephews house. (5.48) Now, Ebenezer Scrooge is actively trying to connect with those around him. He is patting the children on the head, not chasing them off with a ruler. Instead of being disgusted by, he is engaging, the beggars in conversation. Scrooge has morphed into a man who has a new lease on life and plans on doing good with what he has to offer. The transformation of Ebenezer Scrooge evolves after he is visited by three ghosts who help him to remember his past, reflect on his present situation, and make restitution and change so as change his future. This story of redemption is a wonderful message to us all, not only at Christmas time but throughout the entire year. We can be hopeful that it is never too late to change and to value what is truly important in ones life, the people that we love.

Cause and Effects of Baby Dumping - 1874 Words

Causes of Baby Dumping One of the causes of baby dumping is teenagers are lack of sex education. Most of the parents failed to inject the knowledge of sex into the mind of their children when their children were small. They feel shy or uncomfortable when their children ask them about sex. Besides that, parents always assume that their children will know everything naturally when they become adult. They are giving less response to those questions and less clear explanation to their children. Parents are less giving a clear view about sex and always claim that their children are too small to know about sex. Most of the schools are facing the same problems. They do not have sex education as a compulsory teaching subject in school. Teachers†¦show more content†¦Sometimes they happen suddenly and it is hard to understand why there needs to be change at all. Children are mostly affected by this kind of situation. If both their mother and father decided to a divorce and one cannot raise their child alone , tendency is that they will dump their child. This child will become homeless and found that they are alone. Also, the cause of baby dumping is the perpetrators didn’t get their family support. Once they tell their parents of their unexpected pregnancies, the family gets angry and started to blame the world about and questions how it happens. It is better be in the opposite way of thinking together how to help them, and provide the motivational e support that they need. Because at that stage,the pregnant woman are actually in the level of anxiousness to be charged guilty for their selves and their family. The anxiousness is actually identified as post-partum psychosis where the woman has change in their psycho ability that leads to act of baby dumping. Whereas some politicians think it causes conversely. Baby dumping happens because of perceptive of society to the mother that leads to them to abandon the baby. The society is not yet ready to be open-minded, they tend to have a very bad thought and perception towards the pregnant woman, makes them feel low, lost confidence to face the world, and in order to have it back, they decide to act repugnantly dump the baby. Baby dumping may also resultsShow MoreRelatedBaby Dumping - 11537 Words   |  7 PagesTHE STUDY When we want to discuss about baby dumping, firstly we must know about the definition. The baby dumping refers to discarding or leaving alone, for an extended period of time, a child younger than 12 months of age in a public or private setting with the intent to dispose of the child. It is a crime happens when close proximity committed between a guy and a woman and resulted in unwanted baby. (http://hussain- english.blogspot.com/) Baby dumping is a social crisis and has a chronic increaseRead MoreBaby Dumping Issue1542 Words   |  7 Pages Hook: Baby Dumping Issue in Malaysia Background Information: It has becoming more popular among youngsters and heartbreaking to see this issue increasing. What is the writher intends to do: Issue have to be resolved and taken more seriously because it affects many parties. II. Body A. Paragraph 1: 1) Topic sentence 1: The causes on baby dumping have an extremelyRead MoreBaby Dumping Among Teenagers in Malaysia624 Words   |  3 Pagesregarding on baby dumping which getting more chronic and cause a lot of attention. This social problem can be seemed on all type of media such as newspaper and mass media. For the past few years there are many new born babies have been found, dead or live in the most unlikely places like rubbish dump. This is shows clearly that baby dumping is really serious problem that currently happen in our society. Baby dumping became chronic it is because teenagers are immature to fully understand the effect of freeRead MorePiracy in Somalia Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesSomalis are. The world doesn’t see Somalia as much so they sort of look away from people dumping waste in their water. This waste has caused sickness and mutation and death in newborn babies and, after the tsunami of 2005, hundreds died after old nuclear barrels washed onto the land (Hari). This dumping started to happen as soon as the government fell and there was no one to stop these people from dumping. If no one else is going to help the Somalis then they have to do it for themselves. WithoutRead MoreInadequate Sanitary Facilities At Dhaka Water And Sewerage Authority ( Dwasa ) Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagespeople are at a risk of arsenic contamination. Noise Pollution The noise pollution is also a major health hazard in Bangladesh. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 60 decibel (DB) sound can make a man deaf temporarily and 100 DB sound can cause complete deafness. According to the Department of Environment (DOE), the perfect sound condition for Bangladesh is 45 dB for the daytime and 35 dB for the night in peaceful areas and 50 dB for the daytime and 40 dB for the night in residential areasRead MoreHousehold Coal Burning and Smoke Inhalation in Vanderbijlpar and Vereeniging, Gauteng1376 Words   |  6 Pagesor little services evident in Sharpville therefore their refuge doesn’t get collected and taken away. People have been dumping their refuge in open grass areas so that they can be burnt later. The people don’t know what else to do with their rubbish and by burning it they are getting rid of most of it but this then creates other problems like more air pollution. The one dumping site is located right next to a school wh ere they were busy burning it. This is extremely harmful to children especiallyRead More Nitrate Contamination of Ground Water Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesthe groundwater from a variety of sources: some involve pastoral farming, market gardening, application of nitrogenous fertilizers, and industrial and sewage waste disposal. Negligent agricultural practices are easily recognized as the leading cause for nitrate contamination of water. Farmers apply different rates of fertilizers into the soils where they want to grow higher yielding crops. When the producer applies too high of a rate of nitrogen or other fertilizer, it exceeds the soils needRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: Polar Bears are Endangered769 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected countries include the U.S. (Alaska), Greenland, Russia, and Norway (the Svalbard archipelago) .There are solutions to slow down global warming but unless we all act together, then there is no hope for the polar bear inhabitants of earth. CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM Polar bears are endangered animals as a result of the humans polluting their environment. Human hobbies such as hunting destroy polar bear population. Some cultures find polar bears as good sources of food. But, the leading reason behindRead MorePlastic Pollution Is Not The Solution1752 Words   |  8 PagesKayla Cooper Professor Aaron Peters Writing 39C/ Section: 33335 1 May 2015 Plastic Pollution is not the Solution Right now a baby seal is choking on a six pack ring of plastic that someone left on the beach last night. Right now a lantern fish is erroneously eating a piece of plastic thinking it is food. Right now a sea turtle is mistaking a plastic bag for a jelly fish. Little do many know that thousands of marine animals die every year from ingesting plastic. Many are also unaware that lanternRead MoreThe Solution Of Ocean Pollution1400 Words   |  6 Pagesrefer to this issue as marine pollution or even ocean pollution. Ocean pollution is, â€Å"... the spreading of harmful substances such as oil, plastic, industrial and agricultural waste and chemical particles into the ocean† (qtd. from Rinkesh â€Å"Causes and Effects..† para. 1). No doubt, clean oceans are vital for every species on earth but man-made substances prevent the sea from being clean. Jacques Cousteau, a French explorer purposed, â€Å"Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends

Capital Punishment A Deterrent Effect - 971 Words

Recent research studies argues that the death penalty has significant deterrent effects, supporting the use of capital punishment. In particular, American constitutional legal scholars Cass R Sunstein and Adrien Vermeule presented their 2005 study, â€Å"Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life-Life Tradeoffs,† which supports the notion of capital punishment as a deterrent. Sunstein and Vermeule’s study specifically presents the argument of the morality behind the death penalty’s significant deterrent effect, in light of recent research studies that they found to support capital punishment as a deterrent. In support of capital punishment being a deterrent, Sunstein and Vermeule cite Hashem Dezhbaksh 2003 study, â€Å"Does Capital Punishment Have a Deterrent Effect? â€Å", which used data from 3,054 U.S. counties between 1977 and 1996, finding that the murder rate decreased significantly due to death sentences and executions (Sunstein an d Vermeule 9). This can be justified as deterring crimes because she found the correlation between the murder rate decreasing and death sentences and executions increasing. However, she does not acknowledge that other factors can influence this type of correlation. Despite this, in that same study, it was found that on average, for each execution performed there were 18 fewer murders (Sunstein and Vermeule 9). This evidence is compelling because it notes that each execution brought on less capital offenses. It would seem as if theShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : A Deterrent Effect On Crime Essay2996 Words   |  12 Pages Does the Death Penalty Have Any Deterrent Effect on Crime Name Institution Abstract The question of the death penalty has been subject to heated debate on if it serves in deterring criminal activities. Through exploration into findings of several studies, it would be possible to validate whether capital punishment has a deterrent effect on crimes. 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Or does itRead MoreThe Ethics of Capital Punishment Essay examples1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States only 38 states have capital punishment statutes. As of year ended in 1999, in Texas, the state had executed 496 prisoners since 1930. The laws in the United States have change drastically in regards to capital punishment. An example of this would be the years from 1968 to 1977 due to the nearly 10 year moratorium. During those years, the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment violated the Eight Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment. However, this ended in 1976, whenRead MoreEssay on Ethical and Historical Analysis of Capital Punishment1545 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment â€Å"[dates] as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified [Capital Punishment] for 25 different crimes,† so it is no surprise that it is still used today (â€Å"Early Death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). 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In a survey Professors Hugo Adam Bedau and Michael Radelet found that 7000 persons were executed in the United States between 1900 and 1985 and that 35 were innocent of capital crimes (1). Among the innocents they list Sacco andRead MoreThe Death Penalty Essay examples859 Words   |  4 PagesPenalty in America†, capital punishment is the lawful infliction of the death penalty. The death penalty has been used since ancient times for a variety of offenses. The Bible says that death should be done to anyone who commits murder, larceny, rapes, and burglary. It appears that public debate on the death penalty has changed over the years and is still changing, but there are still some out there who are for the death penalty and will continue to believe that it’s a good punishment. I always hear a

BF Skinners Operant Conditioning Theory - 543 Words

B.F. Skinner (Order #A2088785) Burrhus Frederic Skinner, called B.F., is considered to be the father of the field of psychology known as behaviorism. Through his research in behavior, Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning, or the idea that a new behavior can shaped. This was very different from classical conditioning where an existing behavior is reinforced through associating it with a stimuli. Skinners operant conditioning sought to develop an entirely new behavior through the rewarding of partial behavior or a random act that approaches the desired behavior. (B.F. Skinner) The question of why people behave as they do was one that puzzled Skinner and one that consumed his professional career. He began his search for an answer by developing a series of ways to study behavior in people, starting with simply observing behavior and attempting to discover patterns or organizing principles in the structure of behavior. (About Behaviorism, Part 1) Once this was undertaken and the observation of behavior was scientifically developed, a program of methodological behaviorism became plausible ¦ (About Behaviorism, Part 1) This program discovered the importance of the environment in shaping behavior and would culminate in the development of radical behaviorism, or the idea that behavior could be influenced through external reinforcement. Skinners research in radical behaviorism led to the development of what he termed operant conditioningShow MoreRelatedModule : Mirror : Explorations Of The Self2514 Words   |  11 Pagesvarieties of personality theory on offer, do you think any offer distinct advantages over the others, and if so, why? The study of personality, or human nature has been baffling the minds of great scholars for centuries now. It is not the recent development, but has a long history of progress. Some great scholars like Aristotle, Machiavielli, Descartes among a few other philosophers and writers had their interest invested in the workings of human nature. Recent theories developed after the 18th centuryRead MoreSkinner, Behaviorism, And Operant Conditioning1671 Words   |  7 Pageseffect. Skinner segmented behaviorism into two main sections such as respondent conditioning and operant conditioning. He associated that the later the consequences tailored to the behaviors are manipulated, the more frequent similar scenarios are played out in the future. Introduction Skinner, who was a behavioral psychologist, propelled his work towards the field of behaviorism concerning operant conditioning. Though, his work was more instrumental in structuring and confirming majorRead MoreThe Study Of Developmental Psychology2040 Words   |  9 Pagespsychology? And what ideas did he add to it? †¢ What was his early life like? †¢ What fields did he operate in? †¢ What education has he received? Was it related to what he did? †¢ What new ideas did he bring to the world of psychology? †¢ What were his theories? †¢ What was his major experiments? †¢ What did he invent? †¢ How does his proposes and ideas help us educate kids? †¢ What were some of his writings that he left after his death? And what did they talk about? †¢ Awards Hypothesis I guess thatRead MoreA Comparison of Theorist1317 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s classrooms. This paper will address the differences in the theories and the similarities. It will describe how each theory can be implemented in the learning environment of an early childhood classroom. Lastly, it will describe each theory that will be compared supported by research. Comparison of two Theories Operant Behavior Conditioning of Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) BF Skinner renowned for his theory of Operant Behavior (Maslow and Skinner: n.d.). 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By the end of the 19th century, the formulation of theories regarding one’s mind and search for proof that supports these theories became the formalRead MoreLearning Theories Of Learning Through Conditioning And Association Essay2161 Words   |  9 Pageslearning theory is an explanation of how information is absorbed, processed and then stored in the brain. Two Learning theories of learning are Behaviourism and Constructivism. Behaviourism is the theory of learning through conditioning and association. It focuses on how environmental factors influence a child’s behaviour. Behaviourism is no associated with factors such as emotions and thinking and more on observable behaviour. Another theory of learning is kn own as constructivism. This theory tellsRead MoreReinforcement Theory Vs. Operant Conditioning1513 Words   |  7 PagesThis particular examination of reinforcement theory continues to prove how effective this type of study can be, and how it can promote a desired behavior, although there are some who criticize this theory, nevertheless, it has shown promising insight on behavior and motivation. â€Æ' Evaluation of reinforcement theory Behavior is something must learn, whether it be repeated multiple times, or learned right away. Reinforcement theory or operant conditioning suggests that there are two forms of reinforcement:Read MoreBehaviorism : The Black Box Essay1795 Words   |  8 Pagestypes of learning; Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, and Observational learning Classical Conditioning was first developed by Ivan Pavlov who said Classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. It involves two stimuli (anything from our environment) which are linked together to produce a newly learned response (behavior) Pavlov tested out his theory on a dog, which was call Pavlov’s dogs theory. Before Conditioning there would be a unconditionedRead MoreFoundations Of Education1931 Words   |  8 PagesEducation Part 1: There have been many famous individuals who have contributed to education. BF Skinner, William Glasser, John Dewey, and Lev Vygotski are four notorious men in the history and impact of education. B.F. Skinner (1904) was a behaviorist who his most widely known for his theory of operant conditioning and the Skinner box. He created this theory to study human behavior. Operant conditioning includes positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive and negative punishment. Positive

Critical Examination of Malthusian Theory of Population Essay

Thomas Robert Malthus, very popularly known as Malthus, was a professor of History and Political Economy at Haileybury College of the East Indian Company. He was a philosopher of 19th century. He lived his life from 1766 to 1834 AD. After writing an essay on the Principle of Population in 1805 AD, he became popular in the history of population studies. In his essay which later on became a very famous theory by the name Malthusian Theory. In the theory, he has drawn some assumptions such as: ol li value=1 Human beings have great potentialities to produce children li value=2 In agriculture Law of Diminishing Returns operates li value=3 Human beings will need food to eat li value=4 Passion between sexes is†¦show more content†¦That is how the nature will bring balance in population and in the means of subsistence and will enter into the cycle which again continues to population growth and food growth in different ratios and the so on. Of course he was the first philosopher who applied the inductive method very thoroughly and systematically to social science, but all is assumptions could be true and might work at the ancient period and in a particular society where his study was based on. Now at the present, it is not applicable at all. So many things which have great belongings with human beings, and developments in sciences and technologies and even in cultures that bring a lot of changes in several aspects of life and living are ignored in the theory. In his theory, he claims that the human beings are interested in increasing family size, which might be applicable in an ancient period when the people were illiterate, depend on agriculture, and so on. But in the present context, it is not applicable anywhere because now the people are educated. People know the demerits of large family size. People are not found interested in increasing the size of family because there is no rational of increasing family size. Rather people are interested in decreasing family size. People like a small and beautiful family without any lacking in life or with lot of enjoyments. Moreover, in some countries it is found that people areShow MoreRelatedScope of Demography8788 Words   |  36 PagesDemography, Scope, Perspectives and Theory J C Caldwell 1 November 2000 Demography: Scope, Perspectives and Theory John C. Caldwell Health Transition Centre National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University Canberra The term â€Å"demography† has been widely used in English-speaking countries only from the mid -twentieth century. Earlier, â€Å"population studies† or, revealingly, â€Å"population problems† had been the common usage. There is still an inclination to restrictRead MoreBackground Of Study Of Malaysia10269 Words   |  42 Pages there is a large population migration from rural to urban areas since the 1990s due to the creation of jobs and opportunities in urban areas. As the economy is growing, there is an increased competition among nations where greater labor market flexibility and good jobs need to be created. Malaysia’s fifty years of nationhood witnesses many milestones in its economic development. It has a multi-ethnic, multi-religious society that includes the majority of the Muslim population in most states andRead MoreFood Politics7528 Words   |  31 Pagesbiodiversity, and land, but also devalues their local wisdom and knowledge of farming practices. This industrialization clearly abuses both the area around local citizens as well as the citizens themselves. While these parties, the majority of the population, are disadvantaged as our food system industrializes, corporations and governments benefit by way of increased profits and domination. Implications of this change are at the expense of depriving peasants and small food producers around the worldRead MoreWater as a Source of Future Conflict in Sa26984 Words   |  108 Pagespolitical and security issues for the water resources of the river basins in SA? And what are the probabilities of the Onset of the river conflict and the Militarization of River Claims in South Asia? Scope 9. As water is considered as one of the most critical non-traditional security concern and its distribution is seen as a potential contributor to conflict and cooperation; these linkages have to be drawn with the post-Cold War interest in environmental security. Within this genre, the paper has veryRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Cognitive-Behavioral Case Study of London A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Free Essays

In this conceptualization and treatment plan, the client’s presenting problems will be discussed in detail including symptoms and diagnosis. All disclosed problem areas for the client are described including, depression and anxiety. Cognitive behavioral theory is explained including the theory’s core concepts and key elements. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive-Behavioral Case Study of London: A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cognitive behavioral theory is utilized as the theory of choice throughout the treatment plan and conceptualization. The goals and interventions utilized are outlined also utilizing cognitive behavioral theory techniques. The goals for this client and treatment plan include; In conclusion the expected outcome of each intervention utilized is disclosed and all other challenges of the entire process are given. Presenting Concerns London presents as a 24-year old biracial woman of African-American and Caucasian decent. London came into counseling due to ongoing depression and poor peer relations caused by her anxiety and mistrust issues. London is a single mother recently discharged from the military with minimal support systems in place. She is currently working in a job she dislikes and feels trapped in her present life as it is. Her child’s father is incarcerated and she has been hiding this information from her family out of fear of judgment. London has four siblings three of which are younger than she. London and her siblings were raised by their paternal grandmother due to her parent’s drug abuse issues. London’s grandmother often displayed signs of depression during her childhood although it went undiagnosed without treatment. London described some symptoms of post-partum depression after the birth of her son, which went untreated. London does not have good relationships with her siblings nor does she have any solid peer relationships she feels she needs. London was raised as a Christian, but feels disconnected from God and guilty over her choices to have a child out of wedlock. London is now feeling increased anxiety about telling her family about her issues with her son’s father and what his return will do to their already strained relationship. Case Conceptualization Speaking to London revealed many issues with forming and maintain healthy relationships. London’s lack of substantial relational exchanges with her parents seems to have caused much anxiety now that she herself is a parent (she reports being anxious around her child). Both London’s mother and father were not present during the ties she was trying to build a solid sense of self-awareness. London reports constantly being indecisive about things, as she was unsure of her likes and dislikes. London may have developed a poor sense of self, as she felt rejected by both parents. That rejection has now resurfaced in the relationship with Zion’s father, Xavier. Like her parents, Xavier left London during a pivotal time in her life. London may now believe she will become withdrawn and distant towards her own child the way her mother and father had done to her. London’s disconnect from herself and reality continued throughout adulthood when her grandmother did not pay as much attention to her as she would’ve liked. London has allowed feelings of incompetence and inadequacy hinder her progress at work, school, and in her peer relationships. London developed a habit of distancing herself from others in an attempt to avoid developing relationships. This distance included her siblings as she indicated she does not call them, visit them, or take any of their calls. London is also dishonest about what is going in her life with her family. London’s distorted view on her relationships has fueled her desire to maintain unhealthy relationships with men including her children’s father and other male figures. London reports being afraid to break off the relationship as she does not feel she can find someone else. Goals and Interventions How to cite Cognitive-Behavioral Case Study of London: A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan, Free Case study samples

Management Accounting Ratio Analysis

Question: Discuss about theManagement Accounting for Ratio Analysis. Answer: Introduction: This report has been prepared for the financial study of AGL Energy Ltd for the year 2014 and 2015. In this report the different financial ratios are calculated to interpret the financial position of the company. Financial study of Genesis Energy Ltds is also carried out for the comparative study of the both organizations. Finally, the report provides recommendation regarding, whether to invest in the company or not. Financial Analysis of AGL Limited: Ratio analysis is a helpful technique for conducting financial analysis of a company. Following table provides calculation of different ratios of AGL: Financial statement is an effective tool to analyze past record and predict the future performance of the company for different time span. Gross profit ratio shows the pricing decisions and product cost. Gross profit ratio of AGL for 2014 and 2015 are recorded as 12.02% and 16.02% respectively (Brigham, 2013). On the basis of this, gross profit ratio of company is increased by 4.00% in 2015, but as compared to the net sales of company, it is very less. It is indicating that the companys production cost is very high. The company should focus on reducing production control for enhancing its profitability (Needless and Powers, 2016). On the other hand, the operating ratios are calculated to identify the capability of company to control the operating expanses of the company. This ratio shows the relationship between the sales and management controlled cost for a time period.Operating ratio of company has increased from 11.70% in 2014 to 15.68% in 2015. This is the good sign for the compa ny that it would be more capable to control the operation cost of the company and to generate more profit. Better operating ratio also attract to the investor for good return on investment. At the same time the liquidity ratio is calculated to measure the financial capability of the company for instant expanse needs (Warren, 2015). The current ratio as 2:1 is measured as satisfactory for the company. The liquidity ratio for AGL Energy is 1.57% and 1.45% for the year 2014 and 2015. The current liquidity ratio is decreased; it shows the negativity of the company in terms of short term solvency. Moreover, the acid test ratio as 1 is an ideal ratio or more than 1 it shows the soundness of the company to meet the obligations. The acid test ratio is as 1.49% and 1.29%. It is also decreasing from 2014 to 2015; it is also a weak point for the company, because it would be difficult for the company to overcome the problem of quick debt paying. Capital structure is the composition of debt and equity for the company. The debt and equity ratio indicate the relative proportion of the debt or equity in financing the asset of the firm (Powers, 2016). This ratio is calculated to analyze the long term solvency of the company in a span of time. The debt equity ratio for the company is 0.59 and 0.70 in 2014 and 2015 respectively. The ratio of debt and equity is increasing which is an unfavourable situation for the AGL Energy, because the firms operations would be affected and the creditors also interfere in the operation of company and they pressurize to company. So company should control on the debt equity proportion ratio for sound solvency position. The equity ratio shows the relationship between shareholders fund and asset of the company. The equity ratio for 2014 and 2015 of AGL Energy is as 53.68% and 55.68% respectively. The equity ratio is increasing it show that this fund is invested in financing the asset of the organization. On the other hand, the market performance ratios are calculated for analyzing the return on per share of the company over a time period (Warren, 2015). On the basis of calculation, the earning per share of company is decreasing from 2014 to 2015. It will directly affect the investor to purchase the share of AGL Energy. It is indicating that the market price of the companys share is decreasing over a year. It would also be difficult to raise the capital for company in capital market. At the same time the dividend per share of the company has increased from 2.92 to 2.94, which is the good for company to attract the shareholder to invest in the company. Financial Analysis of Genesis Energy Ltd: Below table is providing calculation of different types of ratios for Genesis Energy Ltd: On basis of above table, the gross profit ratio of Genesis has increased from 7.12 in 2014 to 16.54 in 2015, which depicts improvement in sales efficiency of the company. At the same time, operating profit margin ratio of company has also increased from 2014 to 2015 that is indicating increase in operating profit generating efficiency of the organization (Vozikis et al., 2014). The increase in operating margin ratio of Genesis is showing increase in companys potential to generate profits against increase in competition or cost. From analysis of above table, it can also be seen that current ratio and acid test ratio of Genesis have decline from 2014 to 2015. The decline in these ratios signifies decline in companys short term solvency position. In other words, companys ability to meet short term financial obligations in business has declined (Robinson et al., 2015). From analysis of capital structure ratios in above table, it is identified that the debt equity ratio of Genesis has reduced from 0.63 to 0.62 from 2014 to 2015. The decline in debt equity ratio of company is providing improvement in creditworthiness of the company in market. Debt-equity ratio below 1 is considered good (Adam and Dogramaci, 2012). Equity ratio generally measures the leverage level in company proportion of assets that are financed by shareholders. The equity ratio of company has slightly reduced from 51.81 to 51.74 in 2015. This depicts improvement in companys ability to produce good returns for shareholders. Apart from these, the value of earning per share of Genesis has increased from $1.15 to $4.07 per share. This is good for companys attractiveness for shareholders and investors. But the value of dividend per share has reduced slightly from 2.47 to 2.23. On basis of analysis of increase in EPS and decline in DPS, it can be asserted that dividend payout decisions of company have reduced. This is also showing companys preference towards retained earnings in business (Vozikis et al., 2014). But, the shareholders of company will be able to enjoy capitalization benefits over their investment. Overall, it can be said that the financial performance of Genesis Ltd has improved from 2014 to 2015. Comparative Financial Analysis of AGL Energy Ltd: The ratio analysis tables of both companies show that AGL Energy Ltd is in good position in context of profitability ratio compared to Genesis Energy Ltd. AGLs gross profit and operating margin ratio are 16.02% and 15.68% for the year 2015. But at the same time, Genesiss gross profit and operating margin are 16.54% and 6.98% for the year 2015. It shows that, management of the Genesis is ineffective compared to AGL (Bhattacharyya, 2012). In the context of 2014, the condition of Genesis was also seemed same. The AGLs ratios were 12.02% and 11.70 respectively. On the other hand, Genesiss ratios were 7.12% and 3.45% respectively. In addition to this, situations of the both companies are not good in the context of firms liquidity positions. AGLs current ratio for year 2014 and 2015 are 1.57 and 1.45 respectively, which is less compared to ideal current ratio 2:1. Genesiss current ratio for the year 2014 and 21015 are 1.44 and 1.11 respectively, which are not good compared to both ideal current ration and AGLs current ration. Further this, Acid test ratio depicts that Genesis is not good in paying its short term liabilities due to its acid test ratio is 0.86 for the year 2015 that is not good in financial terms (Kieso, et al., 2012). In this way, AGL condition is seemed good due to acid ratio is 1.29 here that enough to pay it short term liabilities. At the same time, capital structure both companies situation was similar in the 2014, because the debt equity ratio and equity ratio for AGL and Genesis were 0.59 or 0.53 and 0.63 or 0.52 respectively. But, Genesis condition is spoiled in 2015. The companys debt equity ratio is 61.20%, which is less compare to AGLs debt equity ratio 70.44%. This situation is raised due to company is using less leverage and it has a stronger equity position (Horngren, et al., 2012). The same condition is seen in equity ratio. There also AGL position is strong with 55.67% as compared to 51.54% of Genesis. In the context of earning per share, Genesis performance is good compared to AGL. Earning per share ratio of AGL and Genesis is recorded as 2.96 and 4.07 in 2015. It shows that Genesis is earning good profit on per share. On the other hand, in context of dividend per share, the situation is fully changed. Dividend per share ratio for AGL and Genesis are recorded as 2.94 and 2.23 respectively in 2015 (Edwards, 2013). On basis of this, AGL dividend payout of Genesis is comparatively low. Overall, AGL has more potential to provide attractive return to shareholders. Recommendations: From the analysis of the both companies financial performance, it can be recommended that an investor should invest in AGL. It is best decision rather than to invest in Genesis. It is because, AGL financial performance is good compared to Genesis. At the same time, Genesis involves the risk of the Liquidity liabilities and less profitability. It is also recommended to AGL, it should focus to improve its managerial skills and try to become cost efficient. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is analyzed that AGL Energy Ltd is has performed better for from 2014 to 2015. The company is also good in the context of profitability, as different profitability ratios of company have increased from 2014 to 2015 (Borrego-Marn, wt al., 2016). It can also be concluded that investor should invest their money in AGL Energy Ltd than in Genesis Ltd, because the investment in this company would be more profitable as compared to Genesis. References Adam, N.R., and Dogramaci, A. (2012) Productivity Analysis at the Organizational Level. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Adler, R. (2013) Management Accounting. UK: Routledge. Annual Report (2014) [online] Available at: Bhattacharyya, A.K. (2012) Financial Accounting for business managers. UK: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Borrego-Marn, M.M., Gutirrez-Martn, C. and Berbel, J. (2016) Estimation of cost recovery ratio for water services based on the system of environmental-economic accounting for water. Water Resources Management, 30(2), pp.767-783. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M. C. (2013) Financial Management: Theory and practice. USA: Cengage Learning. Edwards, J.R. (2013) A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting) UK: Routledge. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R. (2012) Financial Accounting. UK: Pearson Higher Education AU. https://www.agl.com.au/-/media/AGL/About-AGL/Documents/Investor-Centre/150826_AnnualReport_1466512.pdf?la=en (Accessed: 30 august, 2016) Kass-Shraibman, F., and Sampath, V.S. (2011) Forensic Accounting For Dummies. USA: John Wiley Sons. Kieso, D.W., Weygandt, J.J., Kieso, D.E. and Kimmel, P.D. (2012) Study Guide to Accompany Financial Accounting, 8Edn . USA: John Wiley Sons. Needless, B. and Powers, M. (2016) Principles of Financial Accounting. USA: Cengage Learning. Robinson, T.R., Henry, E., Pirie, W.L., and Broihahn, M.A. (2015) International Financial Statement Analysis Workbook. USA: John Wiley Sons. Vozikis, G., Mescon, T., Feldman, H., and Liguori, E.W. (2014) Entrepreneurship: Venture Initiation, Management and Development. UK: Routledge. Warren C.S., Reeve, J. and Duchac, j. (2015) Financial Accounting. USA: Cengage Learning.

Lord Of The Flies Characters Essay Example For Students

Lord Of The Flies Characters Essay Lord of the FliesIn his first novel, William Golding used a group of boys stranded on a tropical island to illustrate the malicious nature of mankind. Lord of the Flies dealt with changes that the boys underwent as they gradually adapted to the isolated freedom from society. Three main characters depicted different effects on certain individuals under those circumstances. Jack Merridew began as the arrogant and self-righteous leader of a choir. The freedom of the island allowed him to further develop the darker side of his personality as the Chief of a savage tribe. Ralph started as a self-assured boy whose confidence in himself came from the acceptance of his peers. He had a fair nature as he was willing to listen to Piggy. He became increasingly dependent on Piggys wisdom and became lost in the confusion around him. Towards the end of the story his rejection from their society of savage boys forced him to fend for himself. Piggy was an educated boy who had grown up as an outcast. D ue to his academic childhood, he was more mature than the others and retained his civilized behaviour. But his experiences on the island gave him a more realistic understanding of the cruelty possessed by some people. The ordeals of the three boys on the island made them more aware of the evil inside themselves and, in some cases, made the false politeness that had clothed them disappear. However, the changes experienced by one boy differed from those endured by another. This is attributable to the physical and mental differences between them. Jack was first described with having an air of cruelty that made him naturally unlikeable. As leader of the choir and one of the tallest boys on the island, Jacks physical height and authority matched his arrogant personality. His desire to be Chief was clearly evident in his firstappearance. When the idea of having a Chief was mentioned Jack spoke out immediately. I ought to be chief, said Jack with simple arrogance, because Im chapter chorister and head boy. He led his choir by administering much discipline resulting in forced obedience from the cloaked boys. His ill-nature was well expressed through his impoliteness in saying, Shut up, Fatty. at Piggy (p. 23). However, despite his unpleasant personality, his lack of courage and his conscience prevented him from killing the first pig they encountered: They knew very well why he hadnt: because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh; because of the unbearable blood (p. 34). Even at the meetings, Jack wa s able to contain himself under the leadership of Ralph. He had even suggested the implementation of rules to regulate themselves. This was a Jack who was proud to be British, and who was shaped and still bound by the laws of a civilized society. The freedom offered to him by the island allowed Jack to express the darker sides of his personality that were repressed by the ideals of his past environment. Without adults as a superior and responsible authority, he began to lose his fear of being punished for improper actions and behaviour. This freedom along with his malicious and arrogant personality made it possible for him to quickly degenerate into a savage. He put on paint, first to camouflage himself from the pigs. But he discovered that the paint allowed him to hide the forbidden thoughts in his mind that his facial expressions would otherwise show: The mask was a thing on its own behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness (p. 69). Through hunting, Jack l ost his fear of blood and of killing living animals. He reached a point where he actually enjoyed the sensation of hunting a prey afraid of his spear and knife. His natural desire for blood and violence was brought out by his hunting of pigs. As Ralph became lost in his own confusion, Jack began to assert himself as chief. The boys realizing that Jack was a stronger and more self-assured leader gave in easily to the freedom of Jacks savagery. Placed in a position of power and with his followers sharing his crazed hunger for violence, Jack gained encouragement to commit the vile acts of thievery and murder. Freed from the conditions of a regulated society, Jack gradually became more violent and the rules and proper behaviour by which he was brought up were forgotten. The freedom given to him unveiled his true self under the clothing worn by civilized people to hide his darker characteristics. Glass Ceiling EssayLord of the flies used changes experienced by boys on an uninhabited island to show the evil nature of man. By using different characters the author was able to portray various types of people found in our society. Their true selves were revealed in the freedom from the laws and punishment of a world with adults. Under the power and regulations of their former society, Jacks inner evil was suppressed. But when the rules no longer existed, he was free to do what he desired. Ralph had grown so used to the regularity of a civilized world, that the changes they underwent were difficult for him to comprehend. He became confused and less capable of thinking clearly and independently. Although he too had experienced the urge for violence that had driven Jack and the hunters to momentary peaks of madness, his more sensitive personality and his sense of obligation saved him from complete savagery. These two traits also helped to keep Piggy from becoming primitive in behav iour. He was made an outcast by his undesirable physique and his superior intelligence. This isolation and wisdom also helped Piggy to retain his civilized behaviour. As well, he was made painfully more aware of the great amount of injustice in the world. From these three characters, it could be seen that under the same circumstances, different individuals can develop in different ways depending on the factors within themselves and how they interacted with each other. Their personalities and what they knew can determine how they would interpret and adapt to a new environment such as the tropical island. Not everyone has so much evil hidden inside themselves as to become complete savages when released from the boundaries of our society. Some people will, because of the ways they were conditioned, remember and abide by the rules they had depended on for social organization and security. English Essays

Russian and Eastern Europe Essays

Russian and Eastern Europe Essays Russian and Eastern Europe Paper Russian and Eastern Europe Paper Essay Topic: Literature When Ivan IV took power, he named his vast territory Russia. Who is credited with creating the Russian Empire? Ivan IV The Byzantine influence can be seen in Kievs government because the legal code was created on the basis of Byzantine law. Moscow was given more power under Mongol rule because Moscow was loyal to the Mongols. The resurgence of Russia under Ivan IV began in the middle of the 1500s CE. What effect did the Mongol invasion have on Kiev? The invasion destroyed Kiev and power shifted to Moscow. Ivan III made an early contribution to the eventual resurgence of Russia by bringing in foreign architects to rebuild Moscow. What happened to Kiev when Yaroslav the Wise died in 1054 CE? Kiev was divided among Yaroslavs five sons. The most dramatic example of the influence of the Byzantine Empire occurred when Vladimir I forced all Russians to convert to Orthodox Christianity. After Ivan IV took power, how did he deal with the code of laws? He revised and updated the code of laws to make it more relevant.

Henry David Thoreaus Thoughts on Love

Henry David Thoreau's Thoughts on Love Henry David Thoreau is thought of by many as Americas supreme nature writer and is most famous Walden, his book of observations and intermingled philosophy about the time he spent living on Walden Pond near Concord, Massachusetts. But he had thoughts to share about many other things, as this essay reveals. This work, originally titled Love and Friendship, was culled from a letter Thoreau wrote to a friend in September 1852. It was first published in the collection Letters to Various Persons (1865), edited by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreaus friend and mentor. Biographer Robert D. Richardson Jr. says that despite the essays faults (sentimental language, overblown idealizing, and choppy, unsure paragraphing), Love is refreshing in its desire to avoid sentimental cant. Love What the essential difference between man and woman is, that they should be thus attracted to one another, no one has satisfactorily answered. Perhaps we must acknowledge the justness of the distinction which assigns to man the sphere of wisdom and to woman that of love, though neither belongs exclusively to either. Man is continually saying to woman, Why will you not be more wise? Woman is continually saying to man, Why will you not be more loving? It is not in their wills to be wise or to be loving; but, unless each is both wise and loving, there can be neither wisdom nor love. All transcendent goodness is one, though appreciated in different ways, or by different senses. In beauty we see it, in music we hear it, in fragrance, we scent it, in the palatable the pure palate tastes it, and in rare health, the whole body feels it. The variety is in the surface or manifestation, but the radical identity we fail to express. The lover sees in the glance of his beloved the same beauty that in the sunset paints the western skies. It is the same daimon, here lurking under a human eyelid, and there under the closing eyelids of the day. Here, in small compass, is the ancient and natural beauty of evening and morning. What loving astronomer has ever fathomed the ethereal depths of the eye? The maiden conceals a fairer flower and sweeter fruit than any calyx in the field; and, if she goes with averted face, confiding in her purity and high resolves, she will make the heavens retrospective, and all nature humbly confess its queen. Under the influence of this sentiment, man is a string of an Aeolian harp, which vibrates with the zephyrs of the eternal morning. There is at first thought something trivial in the commonness of love. So many Indian youths and maidens along these banks have in ages past yielded to the influence of this great civilizer. Nevertheless, this generation is not disgusted nor discouraged, for love is no individuals experience; and though we are imperfect mediums, it does not partake of our imperfection; though we are finite, it is infinite and eternal; and the same divine influence broods over these banks, whatever race may inhabit them, and perchance still would, even if the human race did not dwell here. Perhaps an instinct survives through the intensest actual love, which prevents entire abandonment and devotion, and makes the most ardent lover a little reserved. It is the anticipation of change. For the most ardent lover is not the less practically wise, and seeks a love which will last forever. Considering how few poetical friendships there are, it is remarkable that so many are married. It would seem as if men yielded too easy an obedience to nature without consulting their genius. One may be drunk with love without being any nearer to finding his mate. There is more of good nature than of good sense at the bottom of most marriages. But the good nature must have the counsel of the good spirit or Intelligence. If common sense had been consulted, how many marriages would never have taken place; if uncommon or divine sense, how few marriages such as we witness would ever have taken place! Our love may be ascending or descending. What is its character, if it may be said of it We must respect the souls above,But only those below we love. Love is a severe critic. Hate can pardon more than love. They who aspire to love worthily, subject themselves to an ordeal more rigid than any other. Is your friend such a one that an increase of worth on your part will surely make her more your friend? Is she retained is she attracted by more nobleness in you by more of that virtue which is peculiarly yours, or is she indifferent and blind to that? Is she to be flattered and won by your meeting her on any other than the ascending path? Then duty requires that you separate from her. Love must be as much a light as a flame. Where there is not discernment, the behavior even of the purest soul may in effect amount to coarseness. A man of fine perceptions is more truly feminine than a merely sentimental woman. The heart is blind, but Love is not blind. None of the gods is so discriminating. In Love Friendship the imagination is as much exercised as the heart; and if either is outraged the other will be estranged. It is commonly the imagination which is wounded first, rather than the heart, it is so much the more sensitive. Comparatively, we can excuse any offense against the heart, but not against the imagination. The imagination knows nothing escapes its glance from out its eyry and it controls the breast. My heart may still yearn toward the valley, but my imagination will not permit me to jump off the precipice that debars me from it, for it is wounded, its wings are dipt, and it cannot fly, even descendingly. Our blundering hearts! some poet says. The imagination never forgets; it is a remembering. It is not foundationless, but most reasonable, and it alone uses all the knowledge of the intellect. Love is the profoundest of secrets. Divulged, even to the beloved, it is no longer Love. As if it were merely I that loved you. When love ceases, then it is divulged. In our intercourse with one we love, we wish to have answered those questions at the end of which we do not raise our voice; against which we put no interrogation-markanswered with the same unfailing, universal aim toward every point of the compass. I require that thou knowest everything without being told anything. I parted from my beloved because there was one thing which I had to tell her. She  questioned  me. She should have known all by sympathy. That I had to tell it her was the difference between usthe misunderstanding. A lover never hears anything that is  told, for that is commonly either false or stale; but he hears things taking place, as the sentinels heard Trenck mining in the ground, and thought it was moles. The relation may be profaned in many ways. The parties may not regard it with equal sacredness. What if the lover should learn that his beloved dealt in incantations and philters! What if he should hear that she consulted a clairvoyant! The spell would be instantly broken. If to chaffer and higgle are bad in trade, they are much worse in Love. It demands directness as of an arrow. There is danger that we lose sight of what our friend is absolutely while considering what she is to us alone. The lover wants no partiality. He says, be so kind as to be just. Canst thou love with thy mind,And reason with thy heart?Canst thou be kind,And from thy darling part?Canst thou range earth, sea, and air,And so meet me everywhere?Through all events I will pursue thee,Through all persons I will woo thee. I need thy hate as much as thy love. Thou wilt not repel me entirely when thou repellest what is evil in me. Indeed, indeed, I cannot tell,Though I ponder on it well,Which were easier to state.All my love or all my hate.Surely, surely, thou wilt trust meWhen I say thou doth disgust me.O I hate thee with a hateThat would fain annihilate;Yet, sometimes, against my will,My dear Friend, I love thee still.It were treason to our love,And a sin to God above,One iota to abateOf a pure, impartial hate. It is not enough that we are truthful; we must cherish and carry out high purposes to be truthful about. It must be rare, indeed, that we meet with one to whom we are prepared to be quite ideally related, as she to us. We should have no reserve; we should give the whole of ourselves to that society; we should have no duty aside from that. One who could bear to be so wonderfully and beautifully exaggerated every day. I would take my friend out of her low self and set her higher, infinitely higher, and  there  know her. But, commonly, men are as much afraid of love as of hate. They have lower engagements. They have near ends to serve. They have not imagination enough to be thus employed about a human being but must be coopering a barrel, forsooth. What a difference, whether, in all your walks, you meet only strangers, or in one house is one who knows you, and whom you know. To have a brother or a sister! To have a gold mine on your farm! To find diamonds in the gravel heaps before your door! How rare these things are! To share the day with youto people the earth. Whether to have a god or a goddess for companion in your walks or to walk alone with hinds and villains and carles. Would not a friend enhance the beauty of the landscape as much as a deer or hare? Everything would acknowledge and serve such a relation; the corn in the field, and the cranberries in the meadow. The flowers would bloom, and the birds sing, with a new impulse. There would be more fair days in the year. The object of love expands and grows before us to eternity until it includes all that is lovely, and we become all that can love.

New World Order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New World Order - Essay Example Fukuyama (1989) presents the most positive view, based on the perception that something fundamental has changed, and that a new world order is emerging in which history as we have known it is now ended, along with the regrettable tendency of major superpowers to wage terrible wars with each other. For Fukuyama the new order will be a global state ideology based on Western liberal values, since no other ideology can now compete with it. Mearsheimer (1992) agrees that the nation state has lost some of its power, and that world politics is much more integrated than it has previously been. There are, however, many states in the third world which are outside the mainstream, and armed conflict is likely to arise there in the future as it has in the past. He cites the power of global markets as a mechanism that unifies the major world players, but he does not view this as necessarily being a cause for optimism. Competition is built into the economic view of the world, and this will cause friction and ultimately result in military activity even among the established actors. In particular he notes the end of bipolar stability and the arrival of amultipolar and unequal distribution of power. The distribution of nuclear weapons combined with this new instability is seen as grounds to worry about future tensions.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Essay

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting - Essay Example The editing paper "Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" talks about the internal control over financial reporting and performing an integrated audit of Ford Motor Company and Toyota Motor Corporation. According to the Securities and Exchange Commission, disclosure procedures and controls includes those procedures and controls put in place to ensure that the information required to be availed in financial reports is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the required timeframe as stipulated in the SEC rules. These procedures and control policy have an organized framework that enables an issuer to disclose the information required in the Exchange Act reports. The accumulated report is presented to the management of the issuer who include financial and principal executive officers within an appropriate time limit that enable implementation old decisions on the required disclosures. Despite their differences, internal controls and disclosure control overlap over financial reporting. Therefore, inherent limitations are those unintentional errors or intentional misstatements that may reflect in financial reports despite proper design and monitoring process. Comments on these limitations on financial report and statements aim at highlighting the impossibility of a 100% assurance control system, and that the information in the statements is material-error free. And the assurance that internal control does not contain any material weaknesses is essential to a management team.

Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module

Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module for Laser Frequency Stabilization A.Rastogi1, N. Batra, S.De2, S.Panja and A. Sen Gupta Introduction Frequency stabilized lasers are a crucial part in variety of atom-photon experiments such as atomic spectroscopy [1], laser cooling [2], probing the excited states of atoms [3] etc. Depending on the application, a stability in bandwidth from few MHz to sub Hz maybe required. It is therefore, essential to stabilize the frequency of a laser source to an absolute reference. Atoms or ultra stable fabry- perot cavities are used for this purpose [4]. Such stabilization schemes require electronic feedback / servo loops that allow for a correction in laser frequency deviation. At CSIR-NPL, we are developing the first optical frequency standard in India with a single trapped Ytterbium ion (171Yb+). The project aims at trapping a single Yb ion in a Paul trap, laser cooling the ion to about mK temperatures for a precise frequency measurement of the ultranarrow octupole transition at a wavelength of 467 nm. The 171Yb+ frequency standard will require a simultaneous operation of five lasers for photoionization (399 nm), cooling (369 nm), repumping (935 nm and 760 nm) and probing the clock transition (467 nm) [5]. All the laser lights for our experiment would be produced from extended cavity diode lasers (ECDL) which drift in their frequencies due to environmental factors as temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. Such drifting renders them unstable and hence, incorporating frequency stabilization systems becomes an essential requirement for precise frequency standards. In general a frequency stabilization of a laser, as for example using saturated ab sorption spectroscopy [6], requires the use of a frequency synthesizer for scanning and modulation of the laser frequency , lock-in amplifier for phase sensitive detection, low / high pass filters, and servo electronics for feeding control signals to the piezo / current terminals of the laser. Instead of procuring these analog modules for each of the lasers used in our experiment, we have taken an effort of developing them indigenously with an all digital control using field programmable gate array technology(FPGA). Hence, the functionality of all the hardware components can be embedded inside a single chip. In this paper, we present an FPGA based laser frequency stabilization design and show some preliminary results of the performance of the FPGA design modules. An active laser feedback control loop mainly consists of a lock-in amplifier (providing phase sensitive detection) and a PID controller. As mentioned earlier, the controller generates correction signals that drive either a piezo attached to the laser cavity (as in case of ECDL lasers) or a current so as to adjust the laser frequency. Using FPGAs the entire functionality of a laser frequency locking system can be implemented in a single chip with an area of few mm2 . Moreover, the truly concurrent nature of FPGA processing algorithms results in the FPGA design modules behaving like dedicated hardware circuits. Minimal use of hardware leads to lesser probability of picking up noise from the surroundings and also reduces cost. The FPGAs could always be reprogrammed to incorporate extra adders, multipliers, filters i.e. they provide re-configurability. FPGAs are programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as Verilog-HDL or VHDL. We have implemented the laser frequency locking modules using VHDL. A schematic of various VHDL design modules implementing a laser frequency locking setup is shown in Fig.1. In our module, the FPGA chip (Xilinx Spartan 6 XCSLX16) receives an input signal either from an atomic spectroscopy or from a fabry-perot cavity[4] [6] .As shown in Fig.1, the acousto-optic modulator (AOM) does amplitude modulations of the laser signal resulting in variations in the intensity of light at the photodetector output. This modulated signal at the photodiode output is the derivative of the laser absorption signal i.e. proportional to the slope of a resonant feature. At a resonant frequency, the derivative signal is zero and on both sides of resonance, the derivative signal is 180 degrees in phase. This signal is the input to the FPGA systemwhich is then digitised using a 12-bit A/D converter (AD7476) and then passed through a high pass filter component. High pass filtering extracts the high frequency modulated features from the input signal. The filtered signal then goes to the input of the lock-in amplifier component (that implements phase sensitive detection). The reference signal for the lock-in amplifier comes from a VHDL component that implements a square DDS generator. A phase shifted version of this reference signal can be used by the AOM to amplitude modulate the laser signal. The lock-in amplifier component demodulates the modulated photodiode signal by multiplying it with the reference signal followed by low pass filtering thereby generating what is called an error signal. The error signal contains information as to which side of resonance, the laser frequency is. This signal is then processed by a PID controller component. The control signals generated by the PID component adjust the laser piezo and current signals in such a way so as to ensure that the error signal is always zero (which corresponds to a resonant frequency).Many a times, it is needed to just scan over the complete laser spectrum or to zoom in on a particular spectral feature. In this case, the PID action is disabled and a slow triangular scan signal (generated by a scan generator component) is fed to the laser piezo.All signals coming out of the FPGA are converted into the analog form via 12-bit DAC (DAC121S101). Moreover, to aid in the flexible tuning of locking parameters such as the lock-in gain, PID parameters, modulation frequency and phase, scan amplitude and frequency ; we are working on developing a graphical user interface (GUI) that would allow easy access to and modification of the parameters values inside the FPGA registers. Figure 1: A schematic of an FPGA based closed loop laser frequency locking system. The experiment (atomic spectroscopy setup) and the electronic feedback servo (implemented using FPGA) are shown separately. On the right is shown the image of our FPGA development board with the Xilinx based FPGA chip at the centre. All the feedback components have been implemented as programmable VHDL modules . Results of Some of the VHDL design modules Operation of the individual VHDL modules as well as of the entire system as shown in Fig.1.have been verified, as for example, by observing the physical signals generated from the software implementation of lock-in amplifier, high pass filter , square DDS , scan generator etc. Here we are showing some of these results from our prototype setup. Function Generation:We have implemented the functional behaviour of a square DDS generator and a triangular generatorby developing VHDL components for them. The output of the square DDS module is used as a reference signal for the lock-in detection stage and a phase shifted version of the reference signal is used in the amplitude modulation of the laser frequency by the AOM. The output of the triangular generator is used as a scan signal that drives the laser piezo for observing the laser absorption spectra over a wide range of frequencies. The signals generated from these VHDL components are shown in Fig.2 (a-b). Figure 2 : (a) Shows a square wave of 20 KHz. This would be used as a reference signal for lock-in detection and for modulation by the AOM. (b) Shows a triangular scan of 10 Hz. This would be given to the laser piezo for scanning over a huge range of laser spectrum. (c) A sine wave of 100 Hz (red) was distorted by a high frequency pseudo random sequence resulting in a distorted signal (blue). The high pass filter module filters out the low frequencies and only high frequencies remain (green). For the response shown, the cut-off frequency was kept at 1 KHz. High Pass Filter:Our high pass filter implements a first order IIR digital filter. As shown in Fig.1.the high pass filtering is needed to extract the high frequency amplitude modulations of the photodiode signal superimposed over the slowly scanned doppler absorption profile. As a way of verifying the functionality of this component, a low frequency sine way (100 Hz) was added to a pseudo-random number sequence (10-bit maximal sequence) which was generated at 1 MHz. The result is a highly distorted sine wave comprising high frequency fluctuations superimposed over a slowly varying sine wave. When such a signal is passed through the high pass filter component, the slow sinusoid is removed and only the fast fluctuations appear at the filter output. The cut-off frequency determines the signal at the output. The high pass filtering is shown in Fig.2 (c). Lock -In Amplifier(Phase Sensitive Detector):Software implementation of a lock-in amplifier constitutes developing a binary multiplier in conjunction with a low pass filter. The binary multiplier multiplies an input signal with a reference signal The product is then passed to the low pass filter of a suitable cut-off frequency such that only the portion of the input signal that occurs at the reference frequency remain while the rest are filtered out. Moreover, the output of the lock-in amplifier (i.e. the low pass filtered signal) is directly proportional to the amplitude of the input signal and inversely proportional to the relative phase difference between the input and reference signals. Hence, for a given phase relationship, theoutput increases with increase in input signal amplitude. Similarly, for a fixed amplitude of input signal, the output is maximum when the reference and input signals are in phase (0 degrees) ; minimum when the two are out of phase (180 degrees) and averag es to zero when they are 90 degrees phase separated. In Fig. 3, we demonstrate the amplitude and phase dependence of a lock-in amplifier circuit whose behaviour we have implemented in VHDL. The input signal to this component was an internally generated sine wave (5 KHz) and the reference signal was a square wave (5 KHz). From Fig.3 (a) , it is clear that as the amplitude of input signal (red) increases, the output signal (blue) shifts in the upward direction. For very small input signals (near to zero) , the output is also close to zero. From Fig.3(b), it is clear that the outputs of the lock-in amplifier are equal and opposite for phase separation of 0 (blue) and 180 degrees (red) between the input and reference signals. Moreover, the output signal averages to zero (green) when the corresponding phase difference is 90 degrees. Figure 3 : (a),(b) and (c)show the dependence of the lock-in amplifier output (blue) upon the input signal (red). As the input signal amplitude increases from (a) to (c), the output level also shifts up(d) The mean of the lock-in amplifier is minimum when the phase difference between the reference signal and input is 180 degrees (red), maximum when the two are in phase (blue) and lies in the middle of the two extremes when the phase difference is 90 degrees (green). Implementation of Frequency Locking Using Simulated Atomic Spectroscopy Reference frequency from the laser driven atomic spectroscopy is currently not available due to in- availability of the laser.Therefore, to overcome this practical situation and test the FPGA based frequency locking modules,we describe an elegent simulation scheme for testing the closed loop FPGA based frequency control by simulating the atomic spectroscopy experiment described in [6] inside the FPGA chip itself. Essentially, inside the FPGA chip , there would be two main modules : (1) An experiment module that simulates a saturated absorption spectroscopy setup and (2) A feedback module that implements lock-in detection and a PID control action. The experiment module would include three components : A laser piezo scan / control block that receives a voltage at its input and generates a frequency as a predetermined function of that voltage ; an atomic spectroscopy block which generates a derivative intensity profile as a function of the frequency from the piezo block . This in effect results in a derivative feature as a function of the input voltage to the piezo block. In addition , there is a modulation block that mimics an AOM driver. The block modulates the derivative signal in a certain algorithm such that the positive and negative cycles of the derivative signal are 180 degrees out of phase. The modulated signal then goes to the feedback block. The functions for voltage to frequency conversion and for frequency to derivative intensity conversion can be carefully chosen such that over one complete scan cycle , the derivative is zero at a particular voltage. The frequency corresponding to this voltage is the desired freque ncy and the feedback loop should effectively generate a voltage corresponding to this frequency by making the error signal zero. In this sense, the feedback module includes the basic components as high pass filter (for removing the slow doppler profile features from the modulated derivative signal) , lock-in amplifier (for phase sensitive demodulation of the derivative signal thereby giving an error signal) , a PID controller loop that fixes the error signal to zero and a scan generator that is used for observing the derivative over a complete scan range. Also, the reference signal for lock-in detection and the modulation signal from the AOM block are generated from a square DDS (implemented inside the feedback module). The output of the feedback module is either a scan voltage or a PID control voltage. In either case, the voltage signal goes to the piezo component of the experiment module. In this way, a closed feedback scheme is achieved as shown in Fig.4 At the time of writing th is paper, the experimental module has been successfully implemented and we are able to simulate both the scan and lock conditions. In the scan mode, PID loop is disabled and the error signal is observed over a defined sweep span. Under the locking condition, the PID loop is enabled which pins the error signal down to the zero value. In this way, the system gets locked to the frequency corresponding to zero error voltage. After the first order confirmation of frequency locking , we next plan to charcterise the lock quality , add facilities of scan offset and error signal offset to the existing simulation scheme as well as introduce noise into the system . Figure 4 :(Left) A closed loop scheme simulating an atomic spectroscopy experimental setup and a feedback system both implemented inside the FPGA chip. (Right) A falling edge of scan signal (blue) with an error signal (red) simulating a spectroscopic feature is shown. A mirror image of the feature is observed on the rising scan edge . When in lock mode, the error signal falls flat to zero voltage (green) demonstrating that the system gets locked to a particular frequency. Conclusion We have developed an all digital laser frequency stabilization module using field programmable gate array technology as against traditional bulky and expensive analog controllers. The VHDL design modules developed, imitate the functionality of typical hardware electronics used in a laser frequency locking system. The design modules were tested both individually as well as end to end through different testing methodologies. Some of the results were presented in this paper.Also, before incorporating the design modules into locking an actual laser, we have developed a scheme that simulates an entire atomic spectroscopy experiment with an electronic feedback system, both implemented inside the FPGA chip. We have successfully shown the frequency locking action of our feedback modules through this scheme and plan to test them more rigorously by making enhancements in the existing simulation scheme. Acknowledgement S. De acknowledges support from Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS) for funding this project under the project code :34/14/19/2014-BRNS/0309. References [1] K.B. Mac Adam, A Steinbach and C. Wiemann, Am. J. Phys. 60 , 1098 (1992). [2] D. J. Wineland and H. Dehmelt,Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.20, 637 (1975). [3] Chien-Nan Liu, Toru Morishita and Shinichi Watanabe, 2009 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 194 032014. [4] W. Z. Zhao, J. E. Simsarian, L. A. Orozco, and G. D. Sprouse, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3737(1998). [5] S. De, N. Batra, S. Chakraborty, S. Panja, A. Sen Gupta, .Current Science 106, 1348 (2014). [6] Hall,J.L.;Hollberg,L.;Baer,T.;Robinson,H.G., ApPhL,39,680 (1981).