Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module

Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module for Laser Frequency Stabilization A.Rastogi1, N. Batra, S.De2, S.Panja and A. Sen Gupta Introduction Frequency stabilized lasers are a crucial part in variety of atom-photon experiments such as atomic spectroscopy [1], laser cooling [2], probing the excited states of atoms [3] etc. Depending on the application, a stability in bandwidth from few MHz to sub Hz maybe required. It is therefore, essential to stabilize the frequency of a laser source to an absolute reference. Atoms or ultra stable fabry- perot cavities are used for this purpose [4]. Such stabilization schemes require electronic feedback / servo loops that allow for a correction in laser frequency deviation. At CSIR-NPL, we are developing the first optical frequency standard in India with a single trapped Ytterbium ion (171Yb+). The project aims at trapping a single Yb ion in a Paul trap, laser cooling the ion to about mK temperatures for a precise frequency measurement of the ultranarrow octupole transition at a wavelength of 467 nm. The 171Yb+ frequency standard will require a simultaneous operation of five lasers for photoionization (399 nm), cooling (369 nm), repumping (935 nm and 760 nm) and probing the clock transition (467 nm) [5]. All the laser lights for our experiment would be produced from extended cavity diode lasers (ECDL) which drift in their frequencies due to environmental factors as temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. Such drifting renders them unstable and hence, incorporating frequency stabilization systems becomes an essential requirement for precise frequency standards. In general a frequency stabilization of a laser, as for example using saturated ab sorption spectroscopy [6], requires the use of a frequency synthesizer for scanning and modulation of the laser frequency , lock-in amplifier for phase sensitive detection, low / high pass filters, and servo electronics for feeding control signals to the piezo / current terminals of the laser. Instead of procuring these analog modules for each of the lasers used in our experiment, we have taken an effort of developing them indigenously with an all digital control using field programmable gate array technology(FPGA). Hence, the functionality of all the hardware components can be embedded inside a single chip. In this paper, we present an FPGA based laser frequency stabilization design and show some preliminary results of the performance of the FPGA design modules. An active laser feedback control loop mainly consists of a lock-in amplifier (providing phase sensitive detection) and a PID controller. As mentioned earlier, the controller generates correction signals that drive either a piezo attached to the laser cavity (as in case of ECDL lasers) or a current so as to adjust the laser frequency. Using FPGAs the entire functionality of a laser frequency locking system can be implemented in a single chip with an area of few mm2 . Moreover, the truly concurrent nature of FPGA processing algorithms results in the FPGA design modules behaving like dedicated hardware circuits. Minimal use of hardware leads to lesser probability of picking up noise from the surroundings and also reduces cost. The FPGAs could always be reprogrammed to incorporate extra adders, multipliers, filters i.e. they provide re-configurability. FPGAs are programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as Verilog-HDL or VHDL. We have implemented the laser frequency locking modules using VHDL. A schematic of various VHDL design modules implementing a laser frequency locking setup is shown in Fig.1. In our module, the FPGA chip (Xilinx Spartan 6 XCSLX16) receives an input signal either from an atomic spectroscopy or from a fabry-perot cavity[4] [6] .As shown in Fig.1, the acousto-optic modulator (AOM) does amplitude modulations of the laser signal resulting in variations in the intensity of light at the photodetector output. This modulated signal at the photodiode output is the derivative of the laser absorption signal i.e. proportional to the slope of a resonant feature. At a resonant frequency, the derivative signal is zero and on both sides of resonance, the derivative signal is 180 degrees in phase. This signal is the input to the FPGA systemwhich is then digitised using a 12-bit A/D converter (AD7476) and then passed through a high pass filter component. High pass filtering extracts the high frequency modulated features from the input signal. The filtered signal then goes to the input of the lock-in amplifier component (that implements phase sensitive detection). The reference signal for the lock-in amplifier comes from a VHDL component that implements a square DDS generator. A phase shifted version of this reference signal can be used by the AOM to amplitude modulate the laser signal. The lock-in amplifier component demodulates the modulated photodiode signal by multiplying it with the reference signal followed by low pass filtering thereby generating what is called an error signal. The error signal contains information as to which side of resonance, the laser frequency is. This signal is then processed by a PID controller component. The control signals generated by the PID component adjust the laser piezo and current signals in such a way so as to ensure that the error signal is always zero (which corresponds to a resonant frequency).Many a times, it is needed to just scan over the complete laser spectrum or to zoom in on a particular spectral feature. In this case, the PID action is disabled and a slow triangular scan signal (generated by a scan generator component) is fed to the laser piezo.All signals coming out of the FPGA are converted into the analog form via 12-bit DAC (DAC121S101). Moreover, to aid in the flexible tuning of locking parameters such as the lock-in gain, PID parameters, modulation frequency and phase, scan amplitude and frequency ; we are working on developing a graphical user interface (GUI) that would allow easy access to and modification of the parameters values inside the FPGA registers. Figure 1: A schematic of an FPGA based closed loop laser frequency locking system. The experiment (atomic spectroscopy setup) and the electronic feedback servo (implemented using FPGA) are shown separately. On the right is shown the image of our FPGA development board with the Xilinx based FPGA chip at the centre. All the feedback components have been implemented as programmable VHDL modules . Results of Some of the VHDL design modules Operation of the individual VHDL modules as well as of the entire system as shown in Fig.1.have been verified, as for example, by observing the physical signals generated from the software implementation of lock-in amplifier, high pass filter , square DDS , scan generator etc. Here we are showing some of these results from our prototype setup. Function Generation:We have implemented the functional behaviour of a square DDS generator and a triangular generatorby developing VHDL components for them. The output of the square DDS module is used as a reference signal for the lock-in detection stage and a phase shifted version of the reference signal is used in the amplitude modulation of the laser frequency by the AOM. The output of the triangular generator is used as a scan signal that drives the laser piezo for observing the laser absorption spectra over a wide range of frequencies. The signals generated from these VHDL components are shown in Fig.2 (a-b). Figure 2 : (a) Shows a square wave of 20 KHz. This would be used as a reference signal for lock-in detection and for modulation by the AOM. (b) Shows a triangular scan of 10 Hz. This would be given to the laser piezo for scanning over a huge range of laser spectrum. (c) A sine wave of 100 Hz (red) was distorted by a high frequency pseudo random sequence resulting in a distorted signal (blue). The high pass filter module filters out the low frequencies and only high frequencies remain (green). For the response shown, the cut-off frequency was kept at 1 KHz. High Pass Filter:Our high pass filter implements a first order IIR digital filter. As shown in Fig.1.the high pass filtering is needed to extract the high frequency amplitude modulations of the photodiode signal superimposed over the slowly scanned doppler absorption profile. As a way of verifying the functionality of this component, a low frequency sine way (100 Hz) was added to a pseudo-random number sequence (10-bit maximal sequence) which was generated at 1 MHz. The result is a highly distorted sine wave comprising high frequency fluctuations superimposed over a slowly varying sine wave. When such a signal is passed through the high pass filter component, the slow sinusoid is removed and only the fast fluctuations appear at the filter output. The cut-off frequency determines the signal at the output. The high pass filtering is shown in Fig.2 (c). Lock -In Amplifier(Phase Sensitive Detector):Software implementation of a lock-in amplifier constitutes developing a binary multiplier in conjunction with a low pass filter. The binary multiplier multiplies an input signal with a reference signal The product is then passed to the low pass filter of a suitable cut-off frequency such that only the portion of the input signal that occurs at the reference frequency remain while the rest are filtered out. Moreover, the output of the lock-in amplifier (i.e. the low pass filtered signal) is directly proportional to the amplitude of the input signal and inversely proportional to the relative phase difference between the input and reference signals. Hence, for a given phase relationship, theoutput increases with increase in input signal amplitude. Similarly, for a fixed amplitude of input signal, the output is maximum when the reference and input signals are in phase (0 degrees) ; minimum when the two are out of phase (180 degrees) and averag es to zero when they are 90 degrees phase separated. In Fig. 3, we demonstrate the amplitude and phase dependence of a lock-in amplifier circuit whose behaviour we have implemented in VHDL. The input signal to this component was an internally generated sine wave (5 KHz) and the reference signal was a square wave (5 KHz). From Fig.3 (a) , it is clear that as the amplitude of input signal (red) increases, the output signal (blue) shifts in the upward direction. For very small input signals (near to zero) , the output is also close to zero. From Fig.3(b), it is clear that the outputs of the lock-in amplifier are equal and opposite for phase separation of 0 (blue) and 180 degrees (red) between the input and reference signals. Moreover, the output signal averages to zero (green) when the corresponding phase difference is 90 degrees. Figure 3 : (a),(b) and (c)show the dependence of the lock-in amplifier output (blue) upon the input signal (red). As the input signal amplitude increases from (a) to (c), the output level also shifts up(d) The mean of the lock-in amplifier is minimum when the phase difference between the reference signal and input is 180 degrees (red), maximum when the two are in phase (blue) and lies in the middle of the two extremes when the phase difference is 90 degrees (green). Implementation of Frequency Locking Using Simulated Atomic Spectroscopy Reference frequency from the laser driven atomic spectroscopy is currently not available due to in- availability of the laser.Therefore, to overcome this practical situation and test the FPGA based frequency locking modules,we describe an elegent simulation scheme for testing the closed loop FPGA based frequency control by simulating the atomic spectroscopy experiment described in [6] inside the FPGA chip itself. Essentially, inside the FPGA chip , there would be two main modules : (1) An experiment module that simulates a saturated absorption spectroscopy setup and (2) A feedback module that implements lock-in detection and a PID control action. The experiment module would include three components : A laser piezo scan / control block that receives a voltage at its input and generates a frequency as a predetermined function of that voltage ; an atomic spectroscopy block which generates a derivative intensity profile as a function of the frequency from the piezo block . This in effect results in a derivative feature as a function of the input voltage to the piezo block. In addition , there is a modulation block that mimics an AOM driver. The block modulates the derivative signal in a certain algorithm such that the positive and negative cycles of the derivative signal are 180 degrees out of phase. The modulated signal then goes to the feedback block. The functions for voltage to frequency conversion and for frequency to derivative intensity conversion can be carefully chosen such that over one complete scan cycle , the derivative is zero at a particular voltage. The frequency corresponding to this voltage is the desired freque ncy and the feedback loop should effectively generate a voltage corresponding to this frequency by making the error signal zero. In this sense, the feedback module includes the basic components as high pass filter (for removing the slow doppler profile features from the modulated derivative signal) , lock-in amplifier (for phase sensitive demodulation of the derivative signal thereby giving an error signal) , a PID controller loop that fixes the error signal to zero and a scan generator that is used for observing the derivative over a complete scan range. Also, the reference signal for lock-in detection and the modulation signal from the AOM block are generated from a square DDS (implemented inside the feedback module). The output of the feedback module is either a scan voltage or a PID control voltage. In either case, the voltage signal goes to the piezo component of the experiment module. In this way, a closed feedback scheme is achieved as shown in Fig.4 At the time of writing th is paper, the experimental module has been successfully implemented and we are able to simulate both the scan and lock conditions. In the scan mode, PID loop is disabled and the error signal is observed over a defined sweep span. Under the locking condition, the PID loop is enabled which pins the error signal down to the zero value. In this way, the system gets locked to the frequency corresponding to zero error voltage. After the first order confirmation of frequency locking , we next plan to charcterise the lock quality , add facilities of scan offset and error signal offset to the existing simulation scheme as well as introduce noise into the system . Figure 4 :(Left) A closed loop scheme simulating an atomic spectroscopy experimental setup and a feedback system both implemented inside the FPGA chip. (Right) A falling edge of scan signal (blue) with an error signal (red) simulating a spectroscopic feature is shown. A mirror image of the feature is observed on the rising scan edge . When in lock mode, the error signal falls flat to zero voltage (green) demonstrating that the system gets locked to a particular frequency. Conclusion We have developed an all digital laser frequency stabilization module using field programmable gate array technology as against traditional bulky and expensive analog controllers. The VHDL design modules developed, imitate the functionality of typical hardware electronics used in a laser frequency locking system. The design modules were tested both individually as well as end to end through different testing methodologies. Some of the results were presented in this paper.Also, before incorporating the design modules into locking an actual laser, we have developed a scheme that simulates an entire atomic spectroscopy experiment with an electronic feedback system, both implemented inside the FPGA chip. We have successfully shown the frequency locking action of our feedback modules through this scheme and plan to test them more rigorously by making enhancements in the existing simulation scheme. Acknowledgement S. De acknowledges support from Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS) for funding this project under the project code :34/14/19/2014-BRNS/0309. References [1] K.B. Mac Adam, A Steinbach and C. Wiemann, Am. J. Phys. 60 , 1098 (1992). [2] D. J. Wineland and H. Dehmelt,Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.20, 637 (1975). [3] Chien-Nan Liu, Toru Morishita and Shinichi Watanabe, 2009 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 194 032014. [4] W. Z. Zhao, J. E. Simsarian, L. A. Orozco, and G. D. Sprouse, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3737(1998). [5] S. De, N. Batra, S. Chakraborty, S. Panja, A. Sen Gupta, .Current Science 106, 1348 (2014). [6] Hall,J.L.;Hollberg,L.;Baer,T.;Robinson,H.G., ApPhL,39,680 (1981).

Function Of Educational Managers In A School Institution Education Essay

Education is the foundation of civilised society and every society seems to be engaged in assorted educational activities. Its purpose is to supply and advance instruction to the multitudes so that well disciplined and mentally sound persons can be prepared who finally contribute in the development and prosperity of progressive society. Education system is devised to instill the doctrine, societal norms and accomplishments for economic activities. We besides are quickly switching into a new epoch in the history of worlds on this planet, which is called the technological epoch. And instruction is the primary beginning of all technological progresss, inventions and human amenitiess and that we need development, which is merely possible through quality instruction. An organisation is a aggregation of people working together in a Division of labor to accomplish a common intent. This definition fits a broad assortment of fraternal groups, nines, voluntary organisations and spiritual organic structures, every bit good as entities such as schools, infirmaries and authorities bureaus. The penetrations and applications of OB use to all of these groups. Here, we will be most interested in work organizations- those organisations to which people belong as employees ( Wood, et al 1998 ) . Organizational behavior is a subject that seeks to depict understand and predict human behavior in the environment of formal organisation. A typical part and feature of organisational behavior as subject is the expressed acknowledgment that ( 1 ) organisations create internal contextual scene or environments, that have great influence on the behavior of people in them and ( 2 ) to some extent the internal environment of an organisation is influenced by the big context in which the organisation itself exists ( for illustration, the societal, political, economic and technological systems that support the organisation ) . Furthermore, the internal environment or context of the organisation ( which is so influential in arousing and determining human behavior ) is non simply physical and touchable but besides includes the societal and psychological features of the life human system ( Owens, R.G. 1998 ) . Organization behavior is the field that seeks cognition about the behaviors in organisational scene by consistently analyzing single, group and organisational procedures. Thus cognition is used both as an terminal in itself by scientists interested in basic human behaviour and by practicians interested in heightening organisational effectivity and single good being ( Jerald and Robert, 2000 ) . Organizations do non win or neglect people do. Organizations are closely associated with people who are populating and altering ; hence human behaviors must be considered and understood within the kineticss of the formal organisation ( Ahuja, 1990 ) . Hence the filed of organisational behavior aid directors both trade with learn from their workplace experiences. Directors who understand OB are better prepared to cognize what to look for in work state of affairss, to understand what they find, and to take or assist others to take the needed action. This is a procedure for which doctors are carefully trained. When giving a physical test, a physician consistently asks inquiries and is speedy to observe where one status ( such as a perennial facial sore may be diagnostic of a job that requires farther medical attending ( intervention for a little tegument malignant neoplastic disease ) . Alternatively of sores and concerns, directors, action indexs typically deal with the public presentation achievements of people at work, their attitudes and behaviors, and events that occur in the work unit, in the organisation a hole, and event in the external environment. Good direction is able both to acknowledge the significance of these indexs ( for illustration, an addition in turnover among employees ) and to take constructive action to better things as a consequence of this penetration ( such as updating benefits and incentive wage strategies ) . Good directors add value to an organisation. However, good directors must be able to place, manage and modify the behavior of other member of the organisation is this added value from managerial activities is to be realized ( Baron, 1986 ) . Basically, nevertheless, any director should seek two cardinal consequences for a work unit or work squad. The first is task public presentation, the quality and measure of the work produced or the service provided by the work unit as a whole. The 2nd is human resources care, the attractive force and continuance of a capable work force over clip. This ulterior impression, while to frequently ignored, is highly of import. It is non plenty for a work unit to accomplish this high public presentation on any given twenty-four hours: a work integrity must be able to accomplish this high public presentation every twenty-four hours, both now and in the hereafter ( Christensen, 1994 ) . Indeed, the two consequences can be seen as the standard of an effectual director that is, a director whose work unit squad achieves high degrees of undertaking achievement and maintains itself as a capable work force over clip. This construct of the ‘effective Manager ‘ is an of import model for understanding the penetrations of OB and for developing your personal managerial accomplishments. Organizations are altering now, and they will go on to alter in order to last and thrive in a complex environment. We see organisations downsizing, organizing confederations, making new constructions, traveling planetary, prosecuting in joint ventures and using every more sophisticated engineerings and they attempt to cover with competitory force per unit areas. We see organisation prosecuting productiveness additions, authorising workers, pressing for invention, and seeking to accommodate themselves to outdo tantrum altering times ( Dolan, 1994 ) . There is no uncertainty about it ; the waies are clear ; the hereafter is at that place. But in order to win, directors must be willing to step frontward and do the personal and organisational alterations necessary to procure it. Indeed, some advisers and writers are oppugning the very term director. They believe that the altering nature of organisations in the new work topographic point may do the term coordinator, or possibly train or facilitator, a more disposed description of the function. However, irrespective of the term used, the message is clear. The successful twenty-first century director will hold to do the behavioural and attitudinal accommodation necessary to win in really dynamic clip ( Flippo, 1998 ) .STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMIt is an constituted theory that proper organisational behavior ensures the full use of available educational installations and resources for the development of the organisation. Hence the survey was focused on the organisational behaviour of educa tional directors in NWFP.Importance OF THE STUDYOrganizational behavior is the yardstick which measures the clime of organisation. If the clime is suited for optimal use of worker ‘s possible, energy and capableness the organisation grows and ensures high quality merchandise. The educational directors are the anchor of educative procedure. They are the policy shapers, contrivers, implementers, decision makers and alteration agent in instruction. Any positive and fruitful alteration in society is hard without instruction.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe present survey was conducted to educational directors observed facets of organisational behavior in educational institutes of Punjab holding following aims: To find the function and map of acceptable behaviour of educational directors. To look into the manner of determination devising of instruction troughs.ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDYThe followers were the basic premises of the survey: It was assumed that the Education directors were good cognizant of the construct of organisational behaviour and its deductions. It was assured that the instructors were cognizant of the construct of organisational behaviour, its constituents and determinants..DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe Following boundary lines were observed during the survey ; Merely public educational establishments were included in the survey. The survey comprised of secondary degree of instruction that is from category IX to XII. The caputs of the establishments and instruction officers up to territory degree were considered as educational directors.PROCEDURE OF THE STUDYThis was the descriptive/survey type of survey. Following process was adopted for its completion: –PopulationAll the directors working in the different educational organisations of NWFP were included in the population of the survey. All the instructors working in secondary instruction were besides taken in survey.SampleRandom trying technique was used for the choice of sample. Twenty caputs of secondary schools ten caputs of higher secondary and five instructors from each establishment were included in the survey. Eight Executive District Officers and eight District Education Officers were besides taken in the sample. The sample was taken from eight territory of NWFP viz. ; Kohat, Peshawar, Bannu, , D.I..Khan, Mardan, Swabi, Abbotabad, and Manshera.Research InstrumentsTwo questionnaires were developed ; one for 256 directors and the ot her for 1200 instructors. The questionnaires were developed on Likert ‘s 5-point graduated table. The questionnaires covered all the of import elements of organisational behaviour of Educational Directors.Data CollectionDatas were collected by the research worker personally. First questionnaires were mailed to the sampled mark of respondents. The research worker personally visited the establishments for aggregation of informations. Keeping in position the clip factor, services of some representatives were besides utilized who were made orientated in make fulling the questionnaires.Datas AnalysisThe Data collected through questionnaires were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by utilizing suited statistical tool of Chi-square. Findingss were drawn and recommendations were made for the betterment of organisational behaviour of educational directors in Punjab.Statement of pointsResponsesSAAUDDistrict attorneySDAEntirec2Educational directors are cognizant of the construct of orga nisational behavior or clime Responses 37 112 0 89 18 256176.75*Percentage 14 44 0 35 7 100 Educational directors are satisfied with the quality of instructors. Responses 16 51 0 182 7 256447.7*Percentage 6 20 0 71 3 100 Educational directors involve the instructors in determination devising Responses 8 85 0 127 36 256226.68*Percentage 3 33 0 50 14 100 Educational directors are trained is determination doing techniques Responses 21 79 0 119 37 256114.07*Percentage 8 31 0 47 14 100 Educational directors are trained is communicating Responses 39 152 0 47 18 256274.41*Percentage 15 60 0 18 7 100 They are just in covering with others Responses 51 132 0 57 16 256203.56*Percentage 20 52 0 22 6 100 They believe in virtue and transparence Responses 61 148 0 46 1 256285.81*Percentage 24 58 0 18 0 100 Educational directors recommend inducements for good instructors Responses 42 129 0 56 29 256181.13*Percentage 17 50 0 22 11 100 Educational directors are competent in direction accomplishments Responses 17 51 0 157 31 256300.62*Percentage 7 20 0 61 12 100 Educational directors emphasis on the usage of latest instructional engineering Responses 12 47 0 156 41 256289.6*Percentage 5 18 0 61 16 100* Significantdf= 4 table value of c2 at 0.05 = 9.488The above tabular array 1 shows that value at 4 grade of freedom the c2 value at 0.05 = 9.488 which is greater than the table value the qis square ( c2 ) value. The tabular array indicate that the deliberate value of c2 ( 176.75* , 447.4* , 226.28* , 114.07* , 274.41* , 203.56* , 285.81* , 181.13* , 300.62* and 289.6* ) is greater than the table value of c2 ( 9.4888 ) , hence there is important difference in the responses of the respondents. Some responses are positively accepted the class of â€Å" agree † so it is concluded that the respondents feel that educational directors are cognizant of the construct of organisational behavior or clime, they are trained is communicating, they are just in covering with others and they recommend inducements for good instructors. on the other side there a some responses which are in favor of negatively accepted They are satisfied with the quality of instructors † is negatively a ccepted. It is concluded that quality of instructors need betterment, they involve the instructors in determination devising therefore the state of affairs needs betterment and educational director are trained is determination doing techniques is negatively accepted. It means educational directors need developing which should be arranged decently.DecisionThe undermentioned decisions were drawn out after analysis of responses. Concept of organisational behaviour was clear to 58 % of the directors and bulk of the instructors were non clear about this construct. Hence they were non take parting volitionally and voluntarily to better it. Educational Directors. Not satisfied with the quality of the instructors. Through in their sentiments they involved instructors in group engagement. They were besides of the sentiment that they involved instructors in decision-making. But the instructors were non trained in decision-making techniques. The instructors responded that the directors did non utilize democratic manner of leading. Educational Directors opined that they were trained in societal and commuting accomplishments. They distributed burden work oddly and they encouraged inquiries for elucidation. They stressed the character edifice of instructors and pupils. The bulk of the educational directors responded that they could non guarantee sufficient resources for each undertaking and service. The bulk of the instructors stated that organisational clime was non suited for better public presentation. They did non experience comfy. The workplace and rule of right adult male for right occupation was non maintained. The bulk of Educational Directors opined that they did non pattern the behavior personally that they would others to follow. They farther stated that they were non fair in utilizing financess. The bulk of the instructors stated that their wages were non sufficient to populate comfortably. The E.M did non take involvement in work outing personal job of the instructors. The bulk of the instructors besides said that deficit of financess was felt severely and system of answerability was weak and financess were misused. The bulk of the Educational Managers stated that they did non emphasize on the usage of latest instructional engineering in the categories due to its deficit. The bulk of the instructors besides verified that they did non utilize instructional engineering in the categories they besides did non utilize different motive techniques in the schoolrooms.RecommendationThe undermentioned recommendations were made in the visible radiation of the findings and aims of the survey. It was reported by both classs of the respondents that deficit of financess was felt severely. Pakistan was supplying fundss to the melody of 2.1 % of GDP to instruction which was really little for bettering the system and organisational demands. It is strongly recommended that at least the budget for instruction should be doubled. Both classs of respondents, the educational directors and instructors stated that system of answerability is weak. It is an constituted rule that merely proper answerability mechanisms can heighten betterment of public presentation hence it was recommended that proper efficient and effectual answerability system should be introduced from top to bottom in the territory disposal of instruction. For this purpose particular preparation should be arranged for educational troughs and instructors at approachable centres. Majority of both the classs of respondents replied that they were non trained in motive, societal, communicating and decision-making accomplishments. It was recommended that periodic preparation should be assigned for educational directors and instructor for their preparation in motive leading, communicating interpersonal dealingss, instructor pupils ‘ dealingss, and determination devising techniques. This type of preparation should be arranged with the aid of experts of relevant Fieldss. The new information and instructional engineering should be utilised decently. The instructors should be trained in faculty members for professional development and every instructor should be given the equal opportunity to take part in in-service preparation under certain cyclic order. The bulk of the respondents reported that there was an acute deficit of educational installations like books, cyberspace, computing machine, equipment, athleticss stuff and conveyance etc. The research worker felt that such state of affairs was due to shortage of financess and to some extent due to the carelessness of the caputs. It was recommended that chemical and equipment for research labs, books, computing machines and internet installation for libraries, athleticss stuffs for games, and furniture should be provided to all the secondary and higher secondary schools on precedence footing. The aid of community and local authorities can be solicited. The bulk of the respondents replied that there was a political intervention in educational organisations which led to upset the organisational behaviour. It was recommended that confidence should be got from the political parties by the authorities, non to disrupt the educational environment. Furthermore, working of political groups through pupil brotherhoods should be banned in the establishments.AUTHORS INFORMATIONMr.Muhammad Naeem Butt is working as Lecturer in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.. He did his M.Phil in Education from Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar – Pakistan nb840 @ yahoo.com Dr. Muhammad Iqbal is soon working as Professor of Education in Department of Education, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar – Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Naseer-Ud-Din is working as an Assistant Professor in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan. He did his Phd in Education from University Institute of Education and Research, UAAR, Pakistan. Electronic mail: naseer_khanpk2000 @ yahoo.com Dr. Ishtiaq Hussain is working as an Assistant Professor in Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan. Miss. Safia Noor is soon working as chief Govt. Girls High School, Charsada, Pakistan. She did her M.Phil in instruction.

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